Level 3+; Subjunctive [22] the tenses [4] pluperfect subjunctive [i]

The pluperfect subjunctive is formed – for all verbs – in the following way:

[i] perfect tense stem (from the 3^rd principal part)

amō, amāre, amāv¦ī > amāv-

habeō, habēre, habu¦ī > habu-

vīvō, vīvere, vīx¦ī > vīx-

capiō, capere, cēp¦ī > cēp-

audiō, audīre, audīv¦ī > audīv-

[ii] to the perfect stem add -isse-

amāvisse-

habuisse-

vīxisse-

cēpisse-

audīvisse-

[iii] then add the personal endings (and note again the lengthening of /e/ > /ē/ in the 2^nd singular and 1^st / 2^nd plural):

amāvissem, amāvissēs, amāvisset, amāvissēmus, amāvissētis, amāvissent

habuissem, habuissēs etc.

vīxissem, vīxissēs etc.

cēpissem, cēpissēs etc.

audīvissem, audīvissēs etc.

[iv] Irregular verbs are formed in exactly the same way from the perfect stem, for example:

(1) sum, esse, fu¦ī > fu¦issem, fuissēs, fuisset etc.

(2) possum, posse, potu¦ī > potu¦issem, potuissēs, potuisset etc.

(3) eō, īre, i¦ī > (stem vowel + /i/ contract to form a long vowel: i + isse > īsse-) īssem, īssēs, īsset etc.