Level 3+; Subjunctive [42] dependent uses [2] result [iii] Latin Tutorial

The video focusses on the points discussed and practised in the two previous posts, but briefly adds a further construction to recognise.

A result clause may also be introduced by a relative pronoun, which characterizes a person or thing, rather than stating a bare outcome.

Nēmō est tam senex ¦ quī sē annum nōn putet posse vīvere. │ No one is so old ¦ who does not think / that he does not think he can live a year.

However, it is the construction with ut (…nōn) that is by far the most commonly used.

Note the final comparison made in the video between [i] clauses of result and [ii] clauses of purpose

Level 3+; Subjunctive [41] dependent uses [2] result [ii] practice

[1] Complete the Latin sentences with the words and phrases listed below:

[i] I was so far away that I could not see.

__________ longē aberam ut __________.

[ii] He works so energetically that he accomplishes many things.

__________ strēnuē labōrat ut multa __________.

[iii] Their camp is so far away from Rome that you can’t reach it in one day.

Castra eōrum __________ longē Rōmā absunt ut ūnō diē advenīre __________.

[iv] The Roman army killed so many enemies that the city was safe.

__________  hostēs interfēcit exercitus Rōmānus ut urbs incolumis  __________.

[v] He did such great things that he saved the city.

__________ fēcit ut urbem __________.

[vi] No one is so savage / savage to such an extent that he cannot be tamed.

Nēmō __________ ferus est ut __________ mītēscere __________.

[vii] She was so confused / confused to such an extent that she was barely able to speak.

__________ perturbāta erat ut vix loquī __________.

[viii] Hannibal’s army was so great that it destroyed many legions.

__________ erat exercitus Hannibalis ut multās lēgiōnes __________.

[ix] They made an attack with such force against Pompey’s cavalry that none of them stood their ground.

__________ vī in Pompēī equitēs impetum fēcērunt ut eōrum nēmō __________.

[x] So great a fear suddenly seized the whole army that it greatly [literally: not slightly] disturbed the minds and spirits of all.

__________  subitō timor omnem exercitum occupāvit ut nōn mediocriter omnium mentēs animōsque __________. (Caesar)

adeō; adeō; tam; tam; tam; tanta; tantā; tantus; tantus; tot

cōnsisteret; destrueret; esset; nōn … possit; nōn vidērem; perficiat; perturbāret; posset; possīs; servāret

[2] Translate the sentence using one phrase from [A] and one phrase from [B]; take careful note of the tenses being used

[i] There are so many buildings that I cannot see them all.

[ii] There were so many buildings that I could not see them all.

[iii] The children’s mother is so happy that she cannot speak.

[iv] The children's mother was so happy that she couldn't speak.

[v] The thief is running so quickly that he cannot be caught.

[vi] The thief ran so quickly that nobody could catch him.

[vii] He is so handsome that all the girls love him.

[viii] She was so beautiful that all the boys loved her.

[ix] He has given you so many gifts so that you won’t leave.

[x] I gave you so many gifts so that you would not leave.

[xi] The king is so fierce that no one wants to fight him.

[xii] The queen was so fierce that no one wanted to fight her.

[A]

Tibi tot dōna dedit

Tibi tot dōna dedī

Tam pulchra erat

Tam pulcher est

Erant tot aedificia

Sunt tot aedificia

Rēx ita ācris est

Regīna ita ācris erat

Māter līberōrum adeō gaudet

Māter līberōrum adeō gaudēbat

Fūr tam celeriter cucurrit

Fūr tam celeriter currit

[B]

ut cāpī nōn possit.

ut loquī nōn posset.

ut loquī nōn possit.

ut nēmō eam pugnāre vellet.

ut nēmō eum capere posset.

ut nēmō eum pugnāre velit.

ut nōn discedās.

ut nōn discederēs.

ut omnēs puellae eum ament.

ut omnēs puerī eam amārent.

ut omnia vidēre nōn possem.

ut omnia vidēre nōn possim.

____________________

[1]

[i] Tam longē aberam ut nōn vidērem.

[ii] Tam strēnuē labōrat ut multa perficiat.

[iii] Castra eōrum tam longē Rōmā absunt ut ūnō diē advenīre nōn possīs.

[iv] Tot hostēs interfēcit exercitus Rōmānus ut urbs incolumis esset.

[v] Tanta fēcit ut urbem servāret.

[vi] Nēmō adeō ferus est ut nōn mītēscere possit.

[vii] Adeō perturbāta erat ut vix loquī posset.

[viii] Tantus erat exercitus Hannibalis ut multās lēgiōnes destrueret.

[ix] Tantā vī in Pompēī equitēs impetum fēcērunt ut eōrum nēmō cōnsisteret.

[x] Tantus subitō timor omnem exercitum occupāvit ut nōn mediocriter omnium mentēs animōsque perturbāret. (Caesar)

[2]

[i] Sunt tot aedificia ut omnia vidēre nōn possim.

[ii] Erant tot aedificia ut omnia vidēre nōn possem.

[iii] Māter līberōrum adeō gaudet ut loquī nōn possit.

[iv] Māter līberōrum adeō gaudēbat ut loquī nōn posset.

[v] Fūr tam celeriter cucurrit ut nēmō eum capere posset.

[vi] Fūr tam celeriter currit ut cāpī nōn possit.

[vii] Tam pulcher est ut omnēs puellae eum ament.

[viii] Tam pulchra erat ut omnēs puerī eam amārent.

[ix] Tibi tot dōna dedit ut nōn discedās.

[x] Tibi tot dōna dedī ut nōn discederēs.

[xi] Rēx ita ācris est ut nēmō eum pugnāre velit.

[xii] Regīna ita ācris erat ut nēmō eam pugnāre vellet.

Level 3+; Subjunctive [40] dependent uses [2] result [i]

[1] A result clause shows the outcome or consequence of an action. It is introduced by:

[i] ut + subjunctive: positive result

Tam stultus est ¦  ut hoc semper dīcat. │ He is so foolish ¦ that he always says this.

[ii] ut nōn + subjunctive: negative result

Tam timida est ¦ ut nōn respondeat. │ She is so timid ¦ that she does not answer.

[2] Result clauses can look very similar to purpose clauses especially when ut is used. However, note the differences:

(1) A negative result is not introduced by nē, but by ut nōn.

These two examples show the difference in meaning between a purpose clause and a result clause:

Cūstōdītus est ¦ nē effugeret. │ He was guarded ¦ in order that he might not escape i.e. purpose

Cūstōdītus est ¦ ut nōn effugeret. │ He was guarded ¦ so that he did not escape i.e. result / consequence

(2) There is frequently a ‘signal word’ in the main clause that indicates that a result clause is to follow. The signal words can refer to the extent / degree to which something is / was done, or the way in which something is / was done that led to the outcome. We can also say that these words express intensity.

The examples below also show the sequence of tenses with the present and imperfect subjunctive.

[i] tam … ut:  so … that

Tam fortis est [present indicative] ¦ ut hostēs vincat [present subjunctive] │ He is so brave ¦ that he conquers the enemy

Tam fortis erat [imperfect indicative] ¦ ut hostēs vinceret [imperfect subjunctive] │ He was so brave ¦ that he conquered the enemy

[ii] tantus / tanta / tantum … ut: so great … that

Tantus clāmor est ¦ ut cīvēs ōrātōrem nōn audiant. │ The noise is so great ¦ that the citizens do not hear the speaker.

Tantus clāmor erat ¦ ut cīvēs ōrātōrem nōn audīrent. │ The noise was so great ¦ that the citizens did not hear the speaker.

Magister tantam vōcem habet ¦ ut discipulī timeant. │ The teacher has such a great (loud) voice ¦ that the pupils are afraid.

Magister tantam vōcem habēbat ¦ ut discipulī timērent. │ The teacher had such a great (loud) voice ¦ that the pupils were afraid.

[iii] tot … ut:  so many … that

Tot mīlitēs urbem oppugnant ¦ ut valdē timeāmus. │ So many soldiers are attacking the city ¦ that we are very afraid.

Tot mīlitēs urbem oppugnābant ¦ ut valdē timerēmus. │ So many soldiers were attacking the city ¦ that we were very afraid.

[iv] tālis, -a … ut: such … that …

Puerī tālia verba clāmant ¦ ut mātrēs audīre nōlint. │ The boys are shouting such words ¦ that the mothers refuse to listen.

Puerī  tālia  verba  clāmābant  ¦ ut  mātrēs  audīre  nōllent. │ The boys were shouting such words ¦ that the mothers refused to listen.

[v] adeō … ut:  to such a degree … that

Rōmam adeō amat ¦ ut semper hīc habitāre velit. │ He loves Rome to such an extent ¦ that he always wants [literally: would always want] to live here.

Rōmam adeō amābat ¦ ut semper hīc habitāre vellet. │ He loved Rome to such an extent ¦ that he always wanted to live here.

Translations can vary and it is not always necessary to stick rigidly to the separate meanings given here i.e. He loves / loved Rome so much that … would be a smoother alternative in English.

fac sīs sit dēlātum hūc mihi frūmentum, hunc annum quod satis, mī et familiae omnī sit meae, atque adeō ¦ ut frūmentō a(f)fluam (Plautus)  │ See to it that grain is brought here to me—enough for this year, for me and for my whole household—and indeed so much ¦ that I may abound in grain.

nam quae flūmine Nīlō fertur, adeō est līmōsa ac turbida ¦ ut multōs variōsque morbōs efficiat (Bellum Alexandrinum) │ For what is carried by the Nile river is so muddy and turbid that it produces many and various diseases.

[vi] ita … ut = in such a way … that

Mūrōs ita aedificant ¦ ut hostēs eōs dēlēre nōn possint. │ They build the walls in such a way ¦ that the enemies cannot destroy them.

Mūrōs ita aedificāverant ut hostēs eōs dēlēre nōn possent. │ They had built the walls in such a way ¦ that the enemies could not destroy them.

[vii] sīc … ut: so / in such a way … that …

Sīc pugnat vēnātor ¦ ut leō fugiat. │ The hunter fights in such a way ¦ that the lion flees.

Sīc pugnāvit vēnātor ¦ ut leō fugeret. │ The hunter fought in such a way ¦ that the lion fled.

In practice, there is little difference between [vi] - [viii] above and you could equally find ita or adeō instead of sic in result clauses:

Ita pugnāvit vēnātor ut leō fugeret.

Adeō pugnāvit vēnātor ut leō fugeret.

Level 3; UK GCSE Latin [2]; notes on [i] the subjunctive of purpose, [ii] the subjunctive of result

Part [2]

[i] Translate the following parts of the story into English. 

This passage describes how Cleopatra visited Rome.

Cleopatra Caesarī fīlium suum ostendere magnopere volēbat; Rōmam igitur celeriter nāvigāvit. cum Caesare ac parvō puerō in urbe habitāre cōnstituit. Caesar eōs in suam domum libenter accēpit. brevī tempore tamen senātōrēs, quī imperium eius timēbant, Caesarem occīdērunt. Cleopatra in Aegyptum redīre coācta est. ibi trēs annōs rēgnāvit.

Words

senātor, senātōris m: senator

rēgnō, rēgnāre, rēgnāvī: I reign

[ii] Note: this passage contains a grammatical point that has not yet been covered. I will refer to it briefly at the end.

Now continue with your translation.

In this passage, Cleopatra meets Mark Antony.

Cleopatra, quamquam erat optima rēgīna, invidiam virōrum nōbilium timēbat. auxilium Rōmānōrum igitur vehementer cupiēbat. forte Mārcus Antōnius, imperātor Rōmānus, quī comes fidēlis Caesaris fuerat, prope Aegyptum cum quattuor legiōnibus iter faciēbat. Cleopatra prōgressa est ut eum salūtāret; quī, simulatque eam cōnspexit, gaudēbat; nam fēminam pulchriōrem illa numquam vīderat. tantus erat amor Antōniī ut sine eā vīvere nōllet.

Names

Mārcus Antōnius, Marcī Antōniī m: Mark Antony

Words

rēgīna, rēgīnae f: queen

invidia, invidiae f: jealousy

nōbilis, nōbilis, nōbile: noble

auxilium, auxiliī n: help

gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum: I am happy

Note:

Two examples in this text of the subjunctive, a feature of the language that has been referred to but not yet covered in any detail:

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/02/070225-speaking-latin-on-campus_49.html

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/02/070225-speaking-latin-on-campus_26.html

However, this won’t prevent you from understanding the phrases:

[1] Cleopatra prōgressa est ¦ ut eum salūtāret

[2] tantus erat amor Antōniī ¦ ut sine eā vīvere nōllet

The conjunction ut can translate as [1] in order to (do something); so that (he might do something) i.e. it can express purpose, and [2] “so that” in the sense of “with the result that ..” i.e. it expresses the outcome of the action

[1] the subjunctive of purpose

John went to the store and bought a cake [action concluded]. │ John went to the store to buy a cake [action unconcluded]; the second sentence indicates purpose but it does not indicate that the action was fulfilled. Maybe in the end he did buy a cake but, at the moment the sentence is stated, the action remained unfulfilled.

In ‘older’ English: John went to the store so that / in order that he might buy a cake. English speakers would rarely use that now, but it does exist:

People were bringing little children to him in order that / so that he might touch them (Vulgate transl.)

Cleopatra prōgressa est ¦ ut eum salūtāret │ Cleopatra went forward ¦ literally: in order that she might greet him = in order to greet him

[2] the subjunctive of result

ut here is used to express the outcome of the action in the main clause; it is often signalled by words such as tantus, -a, -um (so great) or tam + adjective e.g. tam fortis (so brave) or tot (so many):

Erant tot aedificia ¦ ut omnia vidēre nōn possem. │ There were so many buildings ¦ that I could not see them all.

tantus erat amor Antōniī ¦ ut sine eā vīvere nōllet │ Antony’s love was so great ¦ that he did not wish to live without her

For reference only since the subjunctive is an extensive topic:

The imperfect subjunctive is being used in the sentences. It is easy to form:

infinitive + personal endings added to the infinitive with no other changes apart from certain vowel lengths; this applies to all verbs both regular and irregular

[1]

[i] infinitive: salūtāre (greet)

[ii] add personal endings; note vowel lengths in italics

salūtārem

salūtārēs

salūtāret

salūtārēmus

salūtārētis

salūtārent

Cleopatra prōgressa est ¦ ut eum salūtāret

[2]

[i] infinitive: nōlle (to be unwilling)

[ii] add personal endings; note vowel lengths in italics

nōllem

nōllēs

nōllet

nōllēmus

nōllētis

nōllent

tantus erat amor Antōniī ¦ ut sine eā vīvere nōllet