Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXVI [4]

THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR [2]

Imperātor ipse cum urbem intrāret, undique laetō clāmōre multitūdinis salūtātus est. Stābat in currū aureō quem quattuor albī equī vehēbant. Indūtus togā pictā, alterā manū habēnās et lauream tenēbat, alterā eburneum scēptrum. Post eum servus in currū stāns auream corōnam super caput eius tenēbat. Ante currum miserrimī captīvī, rēgēs prīncipēsque superātārum gentium, catēnīs vīnctī, prōgrediēbantur; et vīgintī quattuor līctōrēs laureatās fascīs ferentēs et signiferī currum Caesaris comitābantur. Conclūdit agmen multitūdō captīvōrum, quī, in servitūtem redāctī, dēmissō vultū, vīnctīs bracchiīs, sequuntur; quibuscum veniunt longissimō ōrdine mīlitēs, etiam hī praedam vel insignia mīlitāria ferentēs.

Caesar cum Capitōlium ascendisset, in templō Iovī Capitōlīnō sacra fēcit. Simul captivōrum quī nōbilissimī erant, abductī in carcerem, interfectī sunt. Sacrīs factīs Caesar dē Capitōliō dēscendit et in forō mīlitibus suīs honōrēs mīlitārīs dedit eīsque pecūniam ex bellī praedā distribuit.

Hīs omnibus rēbus cōnfectīs, Pūblius Caesarem valēre iussit et quam celerrimē ad vīllam contendit ut patrem mātremque salūtāret.

Dē rēbus gestīs P. Cornēlī Lentulī hāctenus.

You need to give two pieces of information about the words in bold as they are used in the text. In this exercise, you are not required to translate but to note, for example, the specific type of word / construction being used, tenses, cases etc. In some examinations, little to no guidance would be given. However, use the terms given at the end: for each, select one definition from [A] and one from [B]. Some of them are used more than once.

[1] quibuscum [A] __________; [B] __________

[2]

[i] cum urbem intrāret [A] __________; [B] __________

[ii] cum Capitōlium ascendisset [A] __________; [B] __________

[iii] ut patrem mātremque salūtāret [A] __________; [B] __________

[3]

[i] in currū stāns [A] __________; [B] __________

[ii] insignia mīlitāria ferentēs [A] __________; [B] __________

[4]

[i] indūtus togā pictā [A] __________; [B] __________

[ii] superātārum gentium [A] __________; [B] __________

[iii] dēmissō vultū [A] __________; [B] __________

[5] abductī in carcerem [A] __________; [B] __________

[6]

hīs omnibus rēbus cōnfectīs [A] __________; [B] __________

[7]

[i] sequuntur [A] __________; [B] __________

[ii] prōgrediēbantur [A] __________; [B] __________

[8]

[i] salūtātus est [A] __________; [B] __________

[ii] interfectī sunt [A] __________; [B] __________

[A]

 ablative absolute

 connecting relative pronoun

 deponent verb

 passive voice

 perfect passive participle

 present active participle

 subjunctive: clause of circumstance

 subjunctive: clause of purpose

[B]

 3^rd person plural

 3^rd person singular

 with X having been Y-ed i.e. after something had been done

 imperfect subjunctive

 imperfect tense

 masculine ablative singular

feminine genitive plural

 masculine nominative plural

 masculine nominative singular

 pluperfect subjunctive

 present tense

 refers to nouns in the previous sentence

____________________

[1]

[A] connecting relative pronoun; [B] refers to nouns in the previous sentence

[2]

[A] subjunctive: clause of circumstance; [B] imperfect subjunctive

[A] subjunctive: clause of circumstance; [B] pluperfect subjunctive

[A] subjunctive: clause of purpose; [B] imperfect subjunctive

[3]

[A] present active participle; [B] masculine nominative singular

[A] present active participle; [B] masculine nominative plural

[4]

[A] perfect passive participle; [B] masculine nominative singular

[A] genitive phrase; [B] feminine genitive plural

[A] perfect passive participle; [B] masculine ablative singular

[5]

[A] perfect passive participle; [B] masculine nominative plural

[6]

[A] ablative absolute; [B] with X having been Y-ed i.e. after something had been done

[7]

[A] deponent verb; [B] present tense

[A] deponent verb; [B] imperfect tense

[8]

[A] passive voice; [B] 3rd person singular

[A] passive voice; [B] 3rd person plural

____________________

The commander himself, when he was entering the city, was greeted from all sides by the joyful shouting of the crowd. He was standing in a golden chariot which four white horses were drawing. Dressed in a decorated toga, in one hand he held the reins and a laurel wreath, and in the other an ivory sceptre. Behind him, a slave standing in the chariot was holding a golden crown above his head.

In front of the chariot the most wretched captives, kings and chiefs of the conquered peoples, bound in chains, were moving forward; and twenty-four lictors carrying laurel-wreathed fasces and standard-bearers accompanied Caesar’s chariot. A multitude of captives brings up the rear of the column, who, having been reduced to slavery, follow with downcast expression and bound arms; along with them come soldiers in a very long line, these too carrying spoils or military insignia.

When Caesar had ascended the Capitoline, he performed sacred rites in the temple to Jupiter Capitolinus. At the same time, the most noble of the captives were led away into prison and were killed. When the rites had been completed, Caesar descended from the Capitoline and in the forum gave military honours to his soldiers and distributed money to them from the spoils of war.

After all these things had been completed, Publius ordered Caesar farewell and hurried as quickly as possible to the villa in order to greet his father and mother.

Thus far the account of the deeds of Publius Cornelius Lentulus.

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXVI [3] comprehension

THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR [2]

Imperātor ipse cum urbem intrāret, undique laetō clāmōre multitūdinis salūtātus est. Stābat in currū aureō quem quattuor albī equī vehēbant. Indūtus togā pictā, alterā manū habēnās et lauream tenēbat, alterā eburneum scēptrum. Post eum servus in currū stāns auream corōnam super caput eius tenēbat.

Ante currum miserrimī captīvī, rēgēs prīncipēsque superātārum gentium, catēnīs vīnctī, prōgrediēbantur; et vīgintī quattuor līctōrēs laureatās fascīs ferentēs et signiferī currum Caesaris comitābantur.

[1] “Imperātor … caput eius tenēbat.”

Complete this summary:

[i] The whole crowd shouted greetings when __________ (1)

[ii] Caesar was standing in __________ (1)

[iii] Four __________ (1)

[iv] Caesar was dressed in __________ (1)

[v] Caesar was holding __________ (2) in one hand, and __________ (1) in the other.

[vi] Behind Caesar stood __________ (1) who was __________ (2).

[2] “Ante currum … comitābantur.”

In which order are the following referred to?

[2]

chiefs _____

conquered nations _____

guard of honour _____

kings _____

prisoners _____

standard bearers _____

symbols of legal authority _____

[3] Complete this section of the Latin text with the words listed below; ; note differences in the Latin and English word order

A multitude of captives closes the (1) column, who, (2) having been reduced to slavery, (3) follow with (4) downcast expression and their arms (5) bound; (6) along with them come soldiers in a very long (7) row, these too (8) bearing spoils or military insignia.

Conclūdit (1) __________ multitūdō captīvōrum, quī, in servitūtem (2) __________, (4) __________ vultū, (5) __________ bracchiīs, (3) __________; (6) __________ veniunt longissimō (7) __________ mīlitēs, etiam hī praedam vel insignia mīlitāria (8) __________.

agmen; dēmissō; ferentēs; ōrdine; quibuscum; redāctī; sequuntur; vīnctīs

[4]

Caesar cum Capitōlium ascendisset, in templō Iovī Capitōlīnō sacra fēcit. Simul captivōrum quī nōbilissimī erant, abductī in carcerem, interfectī sunt. Sacrīs factīs Caesar dē Capitōliō dēscendit et in forō mīlitibus suīs honōrēs mīlitārīs dedit eīsque pecūniam ex bellī praedā distribuit.

Hīs omnibus rēbus cōnfectīs, Pūblius Caesarem valēre iussit et quam celerrimē ad vīllam contendit ut patrem mātremque salūtāret.

Dē rēbus gestīs P. Cornēlī Lentulī hāctenus.

• hāctenus (adv.): thus far

[i] “Caesar … distribuit.”

Look at these comments concerning Caesar’s character as presented in the extract above. For each statement, quote and translate the statement that justifies each comment:

[i] Caesar is presented as showing gratitude to the gods.

[ii] At the same time he enforces harsh punishment.

[iii] He recognises the loyalty and success of his soldiers.

[iv] He is a generous leader.

[v] “Hīs omnibus … hāctenus.”

How does the story end for Publius? (4)

____________________

[1]

[i] … the general himself / Caesar entered the city (1)

[ii] … a gold chariot (1)

[iii] … white horses were pulling [lit: conveying] the chariot (1)

[iv] … a coloured (decorated / embellished) toga (1)

[v] … reins and a laurel (2) in one hand, and an ivory scepter (1) in the other

[vi] … a slave (1); holding a gold crown (1) above his head (1)

[2]

chiefs [3]

conquered nations [4]

guard of honour [5]

kings [2]

prisoners [1]

standard bearers [7]

symbols of legal authority [6]

[3]

Conclūdit (1) agmen multitūdō captīvōrum, quī, in servitūtem (2) redāctī, (4) dēmissō vultū, (5) vīnctīs bracchiīs, (3) sequuntur; (6) quibuscum veniunt longissimō (7) ōrdine mīlitēs, etiam hī praedam vel insignia mīlitāria (8) ferentēs.

[4]

[i] in templō Iovī Capitōlīnō sacra fēcit | he performed sacred rites in the temple to Jupiter Capitolinus

[ii] captīvōrum quī nōbilissimī erant, abductī in carcerem, interfectī sunt | the most noble of the captives, having been led into prison, were killed

[iii] in forō mīlitibus suīs honōrēs mīlitārīs dedit | in the forum he gave military honours to his soldiers

[iv] eīsque pecūniam ex bellī praedā distribuit | and he distributed money to them from the spoils of war

[v]

After everything had been completed (1) he bade farewell to Caesar (1) and headed as quickly as possible to the villa (1) to greet his mother and father (1).

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXVI [2] (1) deponent verbs; (2) subjunctive usage; (3) participial constructions

THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR [1]

Pompēiō amīcīsque eius superātīs atque omnibus hostibus ubīque victīs, Caesar imperātor Rōmam rediit et extrā moenia urbis in campō Mārtiō castra posuit. Tum vērō amplissimīs honōribus adfectus est. Dictātor creātus est, et eī triumphus ā senātū est dēcrētus. Quō diē dē Gallīs triumphum ēgit, tanta multitūdō hominum in urbem undique cōnflūxit ut omnia loca essent cōnferta. Templa patēbant, ārae fūmābant, columnae sertīs ōrnātae erant. Cum vērō pompa urbem intrāret, quantus hominum fremitus ortus est! Prīmum per portam ingressī sunt senātus et magistrātūs. Secūtī sunt tībīcinēs, signiferī, peditēs laureā corōnātī canentēs: “Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, quī subēgit Galliam,” et “Mīlle, mīlle, mīlle, mīlle Gallōs trucīdāvimus.” Multī praedam captārum urbium portābant, arma, omnia bellī īnstrūmenta. Secūtī sunt equitēs, animōsīs atque splendidissimē ōrnātīs equīs vectī, inter quōs Pūblius adulēscēns fortissimus habēbātur. Addūcēbantur taurī, arietēs, quī dīs immortālibus immolārentur. Ita longō agmine prōgrediēns exercitus sacrā viā per forum in Capitōlium perrēxit.

(1) review: deponent verbs

Deponent verbs look passive but they are active in meaning which can lead to misunderstanding since their forms are the same. You should become familiar with deponent verbs so that you recognise them when they occur in texts. A large number of them have been discussed in previous posts, but reference lists of the most common ones have also been given here.

Compare in the text [i] the passive forms of verbs and [ii] the deponent verbs:

[i]

amplissimīs honōribus adfectus est | he was bestowed with the highest honours

dictātor creātus est | he was made dictator

eī triumphus ā senātū est dēcrētus | a triumph was decreed for him by the senate

columnae sertīs ōrnātae erant | the columns had been decorated with garlands

Pūblius … fortissimus habēbātur. | Publius was regarded as the bravest

addūcēbantur taurī, arietēs, … | Bulls and rams were being led along, …

… quī dīs immortālibus immolārentur | … which were to be sacrificed to the immortal gods.

[ii]

sequor, sequī, secūtus sum [3/deponent]: follow

ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum [3-iō / deponent]: enter

orior, orīrī, ortus sum [4/deponent]: arise

secūtī sunt equitēs | the horsemen followed; not the horsemen *were followed*

secūtī sunt tībīcinēs | the flute-players followed

ingressī sunt senātus et magistrātūs | the senate and magistrates entered

quantus hominum fremitus ortus est! | what a great roar of people arose!

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/deponent%20verbs

(2) review: subjunctive usage

[i] Cum vērō pompa urbem intrāret

[ii] arietēs, quī … immolārentur

[iii] tanta multitūdō hominum in urbem undique cōnflūxit ut omnia loca essent cōnferta

(3) review: participial constructions

[i] Pompēiō amīcīsque eius superātīs …

[ii] omnibus hostibus ubīque victīs …

[iii] equitēs … splendidissimē ōrnātīs equīs vectī

[iv] peditēs laureā corōnātī …

[v] peditēs laureā corōnātī canentēs …

[vi] Ita longō agmine prōgrediēns exercitus …

____________________

After Pompey and his friends had been defeated, and all the enemies everywhere had been conquered, Caesar the commander returned to Rome and pitched camp outside the city walls in the Campus Martius.

Then indeed he was honoured with the highest distinctions. He was made dictator, and a triumph was decreed for him by the senate. On the day on which he celebrated his triumph over the Gauls, such a crowd of people poured into the city from all directions that every place was packed. The temples were open, the altars were smoking, and the columns had been decorated with garlands.

And when the procession entered the city, what a great roar of people arose! First the senate and magistrates entered through the gate. The flute-players followed, standard-bearers, and infantry crowned with laurel, singing: “Behold Caesar now triumphs, who has conquered Gaul,” and “A thousand, a thousand, a thousand, a thousand Gauls we have slain.”

Many were carrying the spoils of captured cities — weapons, all the equipment of war. The cavalry  followed, riding on [literally: conveyed by] spirited and most splendidly decorated horses, among whom the young man Publius was regarded as the bravest. Bulls and rams were being led along, which were to be sacrificed to the immortal gods.

Thus, advancing in a long procession, the army made its way along the Sacred Way through the Forum and on to the Capitoline.

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXVI [1] comprehension

THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR [1]

Pompēiō amīcīsque eius superātīs atque omnibus hostibus ubīque victīs, Caesar imperātor Rōmam rediit et extrā moenia urbis in campō Mārtiō castra posuit.

[1] “Pompēiō … posuit.”

[i] When did Caesar return to Rome? (2)

[ii] Where did he pitch camp? (2)

[2] Give the four headings (listed below) in any order that refer to each section of the passage.

[A] __________; __________; __________; __________

Tum vērō amplissimīs honōribus adfectus est. Dictātor creātus est, et eī triumphus ā senātū est dēcrētus. Quō diē de Gallīs triumphum ēgit, tanta multitūdō hominum in urbem undique cōnflūxit ut omnia loca essent cōnferta. Templa patēbant, ārae fūmābant, columnae sertīs ōrnātae erant.

[B] __________; __________; __________; __________

Cum vērō pompa urbem intrāret, quantus hominum fremitus ortus est! Prīmum per portam ingressī sunt senātus et magistrātūs. Secūtī sunt tībīcinēs, signiferī, peditēs laureā corōnātī canentēs: “Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, quī subēgit Galliam,” et “Mīlle, mīlle, mīlle, mīlle Gallōs trucīdāvimus.”

[C] __________; __________; __________; __________

Multī praedam captārum urbium portābant, arma, omnia bellī īnstrūmenta. Secūtī sunt equitēs, animōsīs atque splendidissimē ōrnātīs equīs vectī, inter quōs Pūblius adulēscēns fortissimus habēbātur. Addūcēbantur taurī, arietēs, quī dīs immortālibus immolārentur. Ita longō agmine prōgrediēns exercitus sacrā viā per forum in Capitōlium perrēxit.

A CROWDED CITY

A LONG PROCESSION

A MILITARY AND MUSICAL ESCORT

A NOISY REACTION

A TRIUMPH IS DECREED

CAESAR’S HONOURS

PUBLIC PREPARATIONS

SACRIFICES TO THE GODS

MAGNIFICENT HORSES

THE OFFICIALS ENTER

THE SOLDIERS CHANT

THE SPOILS OF WAR

____________________

[1]

[i] After Pompey and his friends had been defeated (1) and all the enemies everywhere had been conquered (1)

[ii] outside the city walls (1); in the Field of Mars (1)

[A]

CAESAR’S HONOURS

A TRIUMPH IS DECREED

A CROWDED CITY

PUBLIC PREPARATIONS

[B]

A NOISY REACTION

THE OFFICIALS ENTER

A MILITARY AND MUSICAL ESCORT

THE SOLDIERS CHANT

[C]

THE SPOILS OF WAR

MAGNIFICENT HORSES

SACRIFICES TO THE GODS

A LONG PROCESSION

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXV [7] (1) impersonal passive; (2) connecting relative; (3) participial constructions; (4) subjunctive; (5) indirect statement

 CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CÆSAR AND POMPEY; THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA [2]

Plūribus leviōribus proeliīs factīs, tandem cōpiae adversae ad Pharsālum in Thessaliā sitam castra posuērunt. Cum Pompeī exercitus esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multī quī veterānās legiōnēs quae Gallōs et Germānōs superāverant vehementer timēbant. Quōs ante proelium commissum Labiēnus lēgātus, quī ab Caesare nūper dēfēcerat, ita adlocūtus est: “Nōlīte exīstimāre hunc esse exercitum veterānōrum mīlitum. Omnibus interfuī proeliīs neque temerē incognitam rem prōnūntiō. Perexigua pars illīus exercitūs quī Gallōs superāvit adhūc superest. Magna pars occīsa est, multī domum discessērunt, multī sunt relictī in Italiā. Hae cōpiae quās vidētis in citeriōre Galliā nūper cōnscrīptae sunt.” Haec cum dīxisset, iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra nōn reversūrum esse. Hoc idem Pompēius et omnēs reliquī iūrāvērunt, et magnā spē et laetitiā, sīcut certam ad victōriam, cōpiae ē castrīs exiērunt.

Item Caesar, animō ad dīmicandum parātus, exercitum suum ēdūxit et septem cohortibus praesidiō castrīs relictīs cōpiās triplicī aciē īnstrūxit. Tum, mīlitibus studiō pugnae ārdentibus, tubā signum dedit. Mīlitēs prōcurrērunt et pīlīs missīs gladiōs strīnxērunt. Neque vērō virtūs hostibus dēfuit. Nam et tēla missa sustinuērunt et impetum gladiōrum excēpērunt et ōrdinēs cōnservāvērunt. Utrimque diū et ācriter pugnātum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. Tum equitēs Pompēī aciem Caesaris circumīre cōnātī sunt. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, tertiam aciem, quae ad id tempus quiēta fuerat, prōcurrere iussit. Tum vērō integrōrum impetum dēfessī hostēs sustinēre nōn potuērunt et omnēs terga vertērunt. Sed Pompēius dē fortūnīs suīs dēspērāns sē in castra equō contulit, inde mox cum paucīs equitibus effūgit.

(1) review: impersonal passive

Utrimque diū et ācriter pugnātum est | on both sides there was a long and fierce battle

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/impersonal%20passive

pugnō, -āre: fight; it is an intransitive verb, meaning that it cannot take a direct object. Other examples of intransitive verbs include:

currō, -ere: run

dormiō, -īre: sleep

eō, īre: go

veniō, -īre: come

Intransitive verbs cannot have passive forms with a subject e.g. *he has been slept*, *they were being run*. However, passive forms of intransitive verbs without a subject are used to convey impersonal ideas.

pugnātum est | literally: it was fought

Translations will vary but focus not on who performed the action, but on the action itself:

> There was fighting going on / people were fighting / ‘they’ fought / a battle was taking place

Pugnātum est ab utrīsque ācriter (Caesar)

• There was fierce fighting on both sides [ literally: ‘it’ was fought bitterly …]

Ea mē spectātum tulerat per Dionȳsia. postquam illō ventum est, iam, ut mē collocāverat, exorītur ventus turbō (Plautus)

• She had taken me to see (the show) at the Dionysiac festival. After we’d arrived there, just as she had settled me, a storm wind arose.

Ergō ex omnibus locīs urbis in forum curritur (Livy)

• Therefore, from all parts of the city people are running into the forum.

Macte novā virtūte, puer: Sīc ītur ad astra (Vergil)

• Be blessed in your new courage, boy; this is the way to the stars / one goes to … [literally: In this way it is being gone …]

Ad arma conclāmātum est (Livy)

• The cry ‘to arms!’ was raised.

Et Rōmam inde frequenter migrātum est, ā parentibus maximē ac propinquīs raptārum (Livy)

• And from there, there was frequent migration to Rome, especially by the parents and relatives of those / the women who had been abducted.

Magnīs opibus dormītur in urbe (Juvenal)

• Only with great wealth is it possible to sleep / do people sleep in the city.

(2) review: connecting relative pronouns

[i] Quōs … Labiēnus lēgātus … ita adlocūtus est:

[ii] Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, …

(3) review: participial constructions

[i] Pompēius dē fortūnīs suīs dēspērāns …

[ii] mīlitibus studiō pugnae ārdentibus …

[iii] plūribus leviōribus proeliīs factīs, …

[iv] septem cohortibus … relictīs …

[v] pīlīs missīs gladiōs strīnxērunt …

[vi] tēla missa sustinuērunt …

(4) review: subjunctive

[i] Haec cum dīxisset, …

[ii] Cum Pompeī exercitus esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multī …

(5) review: indirect statement

[i] Nōlīte exīstimāre hunc esse exercitum veterānōrum mīlitum

[ii] iūrāvit sē … in castra nōn reversūrum esse

____________________

After several lighter engagements had been fought, at last the opposing forces pitched camp at Pharsalus, situated in Thessaly. Although Pompey’s army was twice as large as Caesar’s, there were nevertheless many who greatly feared the veteran legions that had defeated the Gauls and the Germans. Before the battle was joined, Labienus, the lieutenant who had recently defected from Caesar, addressed them as follows:

“Do not suppose that this is an army of veteran soldiers. I have been present at all the battles, and I do not rashly pronounce on a matter I do not know. A very small part of that army which defeated the Gauls still survives. A large part has been killed; many have gone home; many have been left behind in Italy. These forces which you see in Cisalpine Gaul have recently been levied.”

When he had said this, he swore that he would not return to camp unless as victor. Pompey himself and all the rest swore the same, and with great hope and joy, as though victory were certain, the troops marched out from the camp.

Caesar likewise, his mind prepared for battle, led out his army and, seven cohorts having been left behind to guard the camp, drew up his forces in a triple line. Then, as the soldiers were burning with eagerness to fight, he gave the signal with the trumpet. The soldiers charged forward and once the javelins had been thrown, drew their swords. Nor indeed did courage fail the enemy: they both withstood the missiles that had been hurled, met the assault of the swords, and kept their ranks. On both sides the fighting went on long and fiercely, and no one gave ground. Then Pompey’s cavalry tried to outflank Caesar’s line. When Caesar noticed this, he ordered the third line, which up to that time had been at rest, to charge. Then indeed the exhausted enemy could not withstand the attack of fresh troops, and all turned their backs. But Pompey, despairing of his fortunes, made his way on horseback to the camp, and soon afterwards fled from there with a few horsemen.

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXV [6] review; (1) the predicative dative / the dative of purpose and result; (2) the double dative; the dative of reference

Item Caesar, animō ad dīmicandum parātus, exercitum suum ēdūxit et septem cohortibus (1) praesidiō [dative] (2) castrīs [dative] relictīs cōpiās triplicī aciē īnstrūxit.

• Caesar likewise, his mind prepared for battle, led out his army and, seven cohorts having been left behind (1) as a guard (2) for the camp [ = to guard the camp], drew up his forces in a triple line.

You can see that there are two nouns in the dative case. We will look at these separately.

(1) praesidiō: the dative of purpose

We have a noun in the dative case very often (but not exclusively) occurring after the verb esse, the dative indicating the purpose of that noun or the result which is achieved by that noun; this is also known as the predicative dative or the dative of purpose and result.

septem cohortibus (1) praesidiō … relīctīs

• seven cohorts having been left behind (1) as a guard …

English can convey a similar idea using expressions such as: ‘as a’, ‘a cause of’, ‘a source of’ or ‘a means of’, for example:

• How can I be ¦ of assistance?
• I did it ¦ as a favour.
• I use these glasses ¦ as a means of / for protection.
• That is ¦ (a cause) of great concern.
• That’s ¦ (a source) of benefit

Below are examples of nouns which commonly use this construction:

argūmentō esse: to be proof

auxiliō esse: to be a help; to be of help

bonō esse: to benefit; to be (a source) of benefit

cūrae esse: to be a concern; to be (a cause) of concern

dolōrī esse: to be a cause of grief

dōnō esse: to be (as a) gift (Compare English: he gave him a gift │ He gave a book to him as a gift.)

• Hōs librōs dōnō mīsit │ He sent these books as a gift

exemplō esse: to be (as) an example (Compare English: I’ll show this picture to you ¦ as an example.)

exitiō esse: to bring destruction; to be a source of destruction

honōrī esse: to be an honour

laudī esse: to be a credit

malō esse: to be a cause / source of harm

mūnerī esse: to be (as a favour); to be of service

odiō esse: to be an object of hatred

onerī esse: to be a burden

perīculō esse: to be a (source of) danger

praesidiō esse: to be a means of protection

pudōrī esse: to be a cause / source of shame

salūtī esse: to be a salvation

subsidiō esse: to be (a source of) help / support

ūsuī esse: to be of use (to benefit)

(2) castrīs: the dative of reference

septem cohortibus (1) praesidiō (2) castrīs … relīctīs

• seven cohorts having been left behind (1) as a guard (2) for the camp

This indicates the person / thing  for whom / which the purpose is intended or who is affected by it: 

Since this construction most often occurs with the two parts, it is known as the double dative:

(1) Māgnō ūsuī [dative of purpose] (2) nostrīs [dative of reference] fuit (Caesar)

• It was (1) of great service (2) to our men.

Translations may not convey the double dative so literally:

bellum est (1) exitiō ¦ (2) incolīs 

[Literally: war is (1) a source / cause of destruction ¦ (2) to the inhabitants]

• War brings destruction to the inhabitants.

Illa fēmina, quae līberōs interfēcit (1) odiō [ii] omnibus est.

[Literally:  That woman who killed her own children is (1) a source of hatred (2) for everybody

• That woman who killed her own children is hated by everyone.

The order may be reversed:

Puella (2) mihi [dative of reference] est (1) cūrae [dative of purpose]

• The girl is (1) of concern (2) to me

(2) nōbīs  (1) exemplō fuit ad imitandum │ He was (1) an example (2) for us to imitate

Caesar omnem ex castrīs equitātum (2) suīs (1) auxiliō mīsit. (Caesar)

• Caesar sent all the cavalry in the camp (1) as a relief (for the purpose of relief) (2) to his men

A neat way of remembering this construction is a two word quotation from Cicero:

Cui [dative of reference] bonō [dative of purpose]?

[Literally: to whom (is it) of advantage?]

• Who benefits?

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/02/030525-level-3-verbs-with-dative-case-9.html

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXV [5] vocabulary

 Match the Latin and English:

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXV [4] comprehension (3)

Item Caesar, animō ad dīmicandum parātus, exercitum suum ēdūxit et septem cohortibus praesidiō castrīs relictīs cōpiās triplicī aciē īnstrūxit. Tum, mīlitibus studiō pugnae ārdentibus, tubā signum dedit. Mīlitēs prōcurrērunt et pīlīs missīs gladiōs strīnxērunt. Neque vērō virtūs hostibus dēfuit. Nam et tēla missa sustinuērunt et impetum gladiōrum excēpērunt et ōrdinēs cōnservāvērunt. Utrimque diū et ācriter pugnātum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. Tum equitēs Pompēī aciem Caesaris circumīre cōnātī sunt. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, tertiam aciem, quae ad id tempus quiēta fuerat, prōcurrere iussit. Tum vērō integrōrum impetum dēfessī hostēs sustinēre nōn potuērunt et omnēs terga vertērunt. Sed Pompēius dē fortūnīs suīs dēspērāns sē in castra equō contulit, inde mox cum paucīs equitibus effūgit.

• integer, -ra, -rum: (here) ‘fresh’ but referring to troops that are uninjured, healthy, not tired

[1] “Item Caesar… dedit.”

[i] What was the purpose of the seven cohorts left behind? (1)

[ii] To what does the phrase aciē triplicī refer? (1)

[iii] Quote and translate the phrase that emphasises the soldiers’ eagerness to fight. (2)

[2] “Mīlitēs … rettulit.”

In which order do the following actions take place?

javelins thrown _____

not giving ground _____

forward charge _____

keeping rank _____

swords drawn _____

[3] “Tum equitēs … effūgit.”

[i] What did Caesar notice? (2)

[ii] What order did he give and to whom? (1)

[iii] Why did the enemy ‘turn their backs’ i.e. flee? (2)

[iv] How does the last sentence convey Pompey’s utter defeat? Give your own opinion with reference to the text. (4)

____________________

[1]

[i] to guard the camp

[ii] a type of military formation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/160424-acies-triplex.html

[iii] mīlitibus studiō pugnae ārdentibus | with the soldiers burning with eagerness to fight

[2]

javelins thrown [2]

not giving ground [5]

forward charge [1]

keeping rank [4]

swords drawn [3]

[3]

[i] Pompey’s cavalry had tried to surround (1) Caesar’s battle line (2)

[ii] he ordered the third line to charge

[iii] the enemy were exhausted (1); could not withstand the attack of fresh troops (1)

[iv]

Suggested answer: the sentence implies a loss of confidence and retreat / abandonment (or loss of control) of the majority of his troops / acceptance of his fate (any one) (1)

he despaired of his fortunes (1); rode back to camp (1); soon fled with a few cavalary (1)

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXV [3] comprehension (2)

CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CÆSAR AND POMPEY; THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA [2]

Plūribus leviōribus proeliīs factīs, tandem cōpiae adversae ad Pharsālum in Thessaliā sitam castra posuērunt. Cum Pompeī exercitus esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multī quī veterānās legiōnēs quae Gallōs et Germānōs superāverant vehementer timēbant. Quōs ante proelium commissum Labiēnus lēgātus, quī ab Caesare nūper dēfēcerat, ita adlocūtus est: “Nōlīte exīstimāre hunc esse exercitum veterānōrum mīlitum. Omnibus interfuī proeliīs neque temerē incognitam rem prōnūntiō. Perexigua pars illīus exercitūs quī Gallōs superāvit adhūc superest. Magna pars occīsa est, multī domum discessērunt, multī sunt relictī in Italiā. Hae cōpiae quās vidētis in citeriōre Galliā nūper cōnscrīptae sunt.” Haec cum dīxisset, iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra nōn reversūrum esse. Hoc idem Pompēius et omnēs reliquī iūrāvērunt, et magnā spē et laetitiā, sīcut certam ad victōriam, cōpiae ē castrīs exiērunt.

• tantus … quantus …: as big … as … 
• perexiguus, -a, -um: very small

[1] “Plūribus … timēbant.”

[i] What had happened prior to both sides pitching camp? (1)

[ii] How did the armies of Caesar and Pompey compare in size? Read carefully. (1)

[iii] Why was Caesar’s army feared? (2)

[2] “Quōs ante … cōnscrīptae sunt.”

[i] Why did Labenus know about Caesar’s army? (2)

[ii] Quote and translate the statement Labienus made to emphasise his knowledge. (2)

[iii] What information did Labienus give concerning the current condition of Caesar’s army? (6)

[3] “Haec cum dīxisset … ē castrīs exiērunt.”

[i] What did Labienus swear? (1)

[ii] How did Pompey and the rest of the men respond? (1)

[iii] What was the mood of the troops when they went out of the camp? (3)

____________________

[1]

[i] several lighter engagements had been fought

[ii] Pompey’s army was twice as big as Caesar’s (Cum Pompeī exercitus esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris …)

[iii] the army comprised veteran legions (1) that had defeated the Gauls and the Germans (1)

[2]

[i] He had recently defected from Caesar (Caesar’s army) (1); he had been involved in all the battles (1).

[ii] … neque temerē incognitam rem prōnūntiō | … and I do not rashly pronounce on a matter I do not know.

[iii]

a very small part ¦ which defeated the Gauls (1) ¦ still survived (1)

a large part had been killed (1)

many had gone home (1)

many left behind in Italy (1)

forces in Cisalpine Gaul had been recently levied (were recent conscripts) (1)

[3]

[i] He would not return to the camp unless he was victorious.

[ii] They swore the same.

[iii] very hopeful (1); happy (1); as if certain of victory (1)

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXV [2] connecting relative

CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CÆSAR AND POMPEY; THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA [1]

Nē cōnfectō quidem bellō Gallicō, bellum cīvīle inter Caesarem et Pompēium exortum est. Nam Pompēius, quī summum imperium petēbat, senātuī persuāserat ut Caesarem reī pūblicae hostem iūdicāret et exercitum eius dīmittī iubēret. Quibus cognitīs rēbus Caesar exercitum suum dīmittere recūsāvit, atque, hortātus mīlitēs ut ducem totiēns victōrem ab inimīcōrum iniūriīs dēfenderent, imperāvit ut sē Rōmam sequerentur. Summā cum alacritāte mīlitēs pāruērunt, et trānsitō Rubicōne initium bellī cīvīlis factum est.

Italiae urbēs quidem omnēs ferē rēbus Caesaris favēbant et eum benignē excēpērunt. Quā rē commōtus Pompēius ante Caesaris adventum Rōmā excessit et Brundisium pervēnit, inde paucīs post diēbus cum omnibus cōpiīs ad Ēpīrum mare trānsiit. Eum Caesar cum septem legiōnibus et quīngentīs equitibus secūtus est, et īnsignis inter Caesaris comitātum erat Pūblius.

review: connecting relative

Quibus cognitīs rēbus …

Quā rē commōtus …

[1] A connecting relative pronoun is a relative pronoun (quī, quae, quod) used at the beginning of a new sentence to link it closely to the previous sentence. In this position it does not introduce a subordinate relative clause in the usual way, nor does it normally translate as “which” but instead continues the narrative by referring back to a person, thing, or idea already mentioned.

It is often rendered in English, depending on context, with a pronoun or demonstrative, for example:

[i] Caesar Rubicōnem trānsiit. [ii] Quī posterā diē adversus Rōmam profectus est.

• [i] Caesar crossed the Rubicon. On the next day [ii] he set out towards Rome.

[2] It is common in translation to connect the two sentences with ‘and’:

[i] Ancilla tandem advēnit. [ii] Quam ubi vīdī, laetissimus eram

• [i] The slave girl arrived. When I saw [ii] her, I was very happy, [or: The slave girl arrived, and when I saw her, …]

Frātrēs [i] amīcum suum vidēre voluērunt; [ii] quem cum vidēre possent, laetī erant.

• The brothers wanted to see their friend. (And) when they were able to see him, they were happy.

[3] In this example the connective relative quod does not refer to a neuter noun, but to the entire thought in the previous sentence.

[i] Imperātor interfectus est. [ii] quod cum mīlitēs vīdissent, fūgērunt.

• The commander was killed. (And) when the soldiers had seen this, they fled.

[4] In the extracts from this text, the connecting relative does not refer back to a specific noun but to an entire idea within the preceding sentence:

Nam Pompēius … senātuī persuāserat ut Caesarem reī pūblicae hostem iūdicāret et exercitum eius dīmittī iubēret. Quibus cognitīs rēbus …

• For Pompey had persuaded the Senate to declare Caesar an enemy of the state and to order that his army be disbanded. When these things had become known… [or: … and when these things had become known …]

Italiae urbēs quidem omnēs ferē rēbus Caesaris favēbant et eum benignē excēpērunt. Quā rē commōtus …

• Almost all the towns of Italy were favouring Caesar’s cause and received him kindly. Moved by this event (fact / matter) …

[5] Examples from earlier sections of the Dooge texts:

Exercitus … multīs perīculīs circumdatus est. Quae perīcula ut vītāret, …

• The army … is surrounded by many dangers. In order to avoid these dangers, …

Tandem … Pūblius, … nūntiāvit partem mūrī ictibus arietis labefactam concidisse. Quā rē audītā …

• Finally … Publius … reported that part of the wall, weakened by the blows of the battering ram, had collapsed. When this (thing / matter) was heard, …

Locus habēbatur idōneus castrīs quī facile dēfendī posset et prope aquam esset. Quā dē causā …

• A site was considered suitable for a camp which could easily be defended and was near water. For this reason, …”

Praesertim vērō ingentem silvam mīrābātur, quae tantae magnitūdinis esse dīcēbātur ut nēmō eam trānsīre posset, nec quisquam scīret aut initium aut fīnem. Quā dē rē plūra cognōverat ā mīlite quōdam …

• Above all, however, he was admiring a vast forest, which was said to be of such great size that no one could cross it, and that no one knew either its beginning or its end. About this matter he had learned more from a certain soldier …”

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/connecting%20relative

____________________

Even before the Gallic War had been brought to an end, a civil war broke out between Caesar and Pompey. For Pompey, who was seeking supreme command, had persuaded the Senate to declare Caesar an enemy of the state and to order that his army be disbanded. When these matters became known, Caesar refused to disband his army and, after urging his soldiers to defend a commander so often victorious from the wrongs of his enemies, ordered them to follow him to Rome. With the greatest eagerness the soldiers obeyed, and, once the Rubicon had been crossed, the beginning of the civil war was made.

Nearly all the towns of Italy, in fact, favoured Caesar’s cause and received him kindly. Moved by this, Pompey left Rome before Caesar’s arrival and reached Brundisium; from there, a few days later, he crossed the sea to Epirus with all his forces. Caesar followed him with seven legions and five hundred cavalry, and among Caesar’s entourage Publius was a notable figure.

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXV [1] comprehension (1)

CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CÆSAR AND POMPEY; THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA [1]

Nē cōnfectō quidem bellō Gallicō, bellum cīvīle inter Caesarem et Pompēium exortum est. Nam Pompēius, quī summum imperium petēbat, senātuī persuāserat ut Caesarem reī pūblicae hostem iūdicāret et exercitum eius dīmittī iubēret. Quibus cognitīs rēbus Caesar exercitum suum dīmittere recūsāvit, atque, hortātus mīlitēs ut ducem totiēns victōrem ab inimīcōrum iniūriīs dēfenderent, imperāvit ut sē Rōmam sequerentur. Summā cum alacritāte mīlitēs pāruērunt, et trānsitō Rubicōne initium bellī cīvīlis factum est.

Italiae urbēs quidem omnēs ferē rēbus Caesaris favēbant et eum benignē excēpērunt. Quā rē commōtus Pompēius ante Caesaris adventum Rōmā excessit et Brundisium pervēnit, inde paucīs post diēbus cum omnibus cōpiīs ad Ēpīrum mare trānsiit. Eum Caesar cum septem legiōnibus et quīngentīs equitibus secūtus est, et īnsignis inter Caesaris comitātum erat Pūblius.

• nē … quidem: not even …

Nē cōnfectō quidem bellō Gallicō | literally: not even with the Gallic war having been finished

> Even before the Gallic War had been brought to an end …

[1] “Nē cōnfectō quidem … iubēret.”

[i] What happened before the Gallic War had ended? (1)

[ii] What were the reasons for this? (4)

[2] “Quibus cognitīs … factum est.”

[i] “Quibus cognitīs rēbus Caesar exercitum suum dīmittere recūsāvit”

Why would Caesar’s refusal be a challenge to Roman authority? (1) Refer also to the previous section.

[ii] How did Caesar encourage his soldiers?

[iii] How do we know that Caesar’s men were loyal? (1)

[iv] “trānsitō Rubicōne”

Do some research. Why is this action considered to be the start of the conflict? (6)

[3] “Italiae urbēs …Pūblius.

The following statements are untrue; correct them.

[i] All the towns of Italy favoured Caesar’s cause.

[ii] Caesar was kind to them.

[iii] Pompey left Rome when Caesar arrived.

[iv] Pompey marched from Brundisium to Epirus.

[v] Caesar followed him with seven legions and five thousand infantry.

____________________

[1]

[i] civil war broke out between Caesar and Pompey

[ii] Pompey wanted supreme power (1)

He persuaded the Senate (1) to declare Caesar an enemy of the state (1), and order his army to be disbanded (1)

[2]

[i] disobeying the orders of the Senate

[ii] urged them to defend their leader (1) against the injustices of his enemies (1); referred to his frequent victories (1)

[iii] they obeyed with the greatest enthusiasm

[iv] Suggested answer:

The Rubicon is a river (1) that marked the boundary between Cisalpine Gaul (1), a Roman province under Caesar’s command (1), and Italy under the direct authority of Rome (1).

Caesar could not legally bring his troops under arms across the river into Italy (1).

In doing so, he defied the orders of the Senate (1).

[v]

[i] almost all the towns of Italy …

[ii] they (the people in the towns) received him kindly

[iii] … before Caesar arrived

[iv] Pompey sailed from Brundisium …

[v] … five hundred cavalry