Level 4; literature; Mediaeval; Gesta Rōmānōrum; Filia Piratae [3]

Puella audiēns istās ratiōnēs ait: “Ad prīmam respondeō, quandō dīcis, quod ego dēcēpī patrem meum proprium, quod nōn est vērum. Ille dēcīpitur, quī in aliquō bonō dīminuitur. Sed pater meus tam locuplēs est, quod alicuius auxiliō nōn indiget. Cum hoc perpendī, iuvenem istum ā carcere līberāvī, et sī pater meus prō eō redemptiōnem accēpisset, nōn multum propter hoc dītior fuisset, et tū per redemptiōnem dēpauperātus essēs. Ergō in istō actū tē salvāvī, quod redemptiōnem nōn dēdistī, et patrī meō nūllam iniūriam fēcī.

Ad aliam ratiōnem, quandō dīcis, quod ego ex libīdine hoc fēcī, respondeō: hoc nūllō modō potest fierī, quia libīdō aut est propter pulchritūdinem aut propter dīvitiās aut propter fortitūdinem. Sed fīlius tuus nūllum istōrum habuit, quia pulchritūdō eius per carcerem erat annihilāta; nec dīves fuit, quia nōn habuit, unde sē ipsum redimeret; nec fortis, quia fortitūdinem perdidit per carceris macerātiōnem. Ergō sōla pietās mē movēbat, quod ipsum līberāvī.

Pater hoc audiēns nōn potuit fīlium arguere ulterius. Fīlius ergō cum magnā solennitāte eam in uxōrem dūxit et in pāce vītam fīnīvit.

Vocabulary

[i]

[1] Look out for variant spellings:

sollemnitās, -tātis [3/f]: solemnity; formality

here: solennitāte; the consonant cluster of -mn- often occurs in Mediaeval writing as -mpn- / -mnn- / -nn-, for example:

sollemnis, -e > sollempnis

[ii]

arguō, -ere, -uī, argūtus [3]: (here) blame

dēpauperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1] (Mediaeval) impoverish

indigeō, -ēre, -uī [2]: need, want, require, lack

+ ablative: alicuius auxiliō nōn indiget | he does not need the help of anybody

perpendō, -ere, -pendī, -pensus [3]: consider, examine (carefully), ponder

[iii]

dītior: wealthier; comparative of dīves, divitis

locuplēs, -ētis: wealthy

Notes

Mediaeval features

[i] quod introducing indirect statement:

quandō dīcis, quod ego dēcēpī patrem meum proprium

when you say that I deceived my own father

quandō dīcis, quod ego ex libīdine hoc fēcī

when you say that I did this out of desire

[ii] quod introducing clause of result:

pater meus tam locuplēs est, quod alicuius auxiliō nōn indiget

my father is so wealthy that he has no need of anyone’s help

Subjunctive usage

[i] sī pater meus prō eō redemptiōnem accepisset, nōn multum propter hoc dītior fuisset et tū per redemptiōnem dēpauperātus essēs.

if my father had received a ransom for him, he would not have been much richer because of it, and you would have been impoverished through the ransom

conditional clause: past contrary-to-fact

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2026/04/140926-level-3-conditional-clauses-9.html

[ii] quia nōn habuit, unde sē ipsum redimeret

… because he had nothing with which he could ransom himself

characteristic

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20characteristic

____________________

The girl, hearing these arguments, said: “To the first I reply: when you say that I deceived my own father, that is not true. He is deceived who is diminished in some good. But my father is so wealthy that he has no need of anyone’s help. When I considered this, I freed that young man from prison, since if my father had received a ransom for him, he would not have been much richer because of it, and you would have been impoverished through the ransom. Therefore in that action I saved you by not giving the ransom, and I did no injury to my father.

To the second argument, when you say that I did this out of desire, I reply that this can in no way be the case, because desire exists either on account of beauty, or wealth, or strength. But your son had none of these, since his beauty had been destroyed by imprisonment; nor was he rich, because he had nothing with which to ransom himself; nor was he strong, because he had lost his strength through the weakening of prison. Therefore only compassion moved me, when I freed him.”

The father, hearing this, was no longer able to accuse his son further. Therefore the son, with great solemnity, took her as his wife, and ended his life in peace.

Level 4; literature; Mediaeval; Gesta Rōmānōrum; Filia Piratae [2]

Statim puella, patre ignōrante, ipsum ā vinculis līberāvit et cum eō ad patriam suam fūgit. Cum vērō ad patrem suum venisset, ait eī pater: “Ō fīlī, dē tuō adventū gaudeō. Sed dīc mihī, quālis est ista puella, quam tēcum dūxistī!”

Ait ille: “Fīlia rēgis est, quam in uxōrem habeō.”

Ait pater: “Sub poenā amissiōnis hērēditātis tuae nōlō, ut eam in uxōrem dūcās.”

Ait ille: “Ō pater, quid dīcis! Plus eī teneor, quam tibī. Quandō captus eram in manū inimīcī et fortiter vinculātus, tibī prō meā redemptiōne scrīpsī, et nōluistī mē redimere. Ipsa vērō nōn tantum ā carcere, sed ā perīculō mortis mē līberāvit; ideō eam in uxōrem dūcere volō.”

Ait pater: “Fīlī, probō tibī, quod nōn possīs in eam cōnfīdere et per consequēns nūllō modō in uxōrem dūcere. Patrem proprium dēcēpit, quandō, ipsō ignōrante, tē ā carcere līberāvit. Prō quā līberātiōne pater eius multa perdidit, qu(a)e prō tuā redemptiōne habuisset. Ergō vidētur, quod tū nōn possīs in eam cōnfīdere et per consequēns nūllō modō in uxōrem dūcere. Item alia ratiō est. Ista licet tē līberāvit, hoc fuit causa libīdinis, ut posset tē in virum habēre, et ideō quia eius libīdō erat causa līberātiōnis tuae, nōn mihī vidētur, quod uxor tua erit.”

Vocabulary

[i]

amissiō, -ōnis [3/f]: loss

herēditās, -ātis [3/f]: inheritance

libidō, -inis [3/f]: desire, passion, lust

poena, -ae [1/f]: penalty

[ii]

cōnfīdō, cōnfīdere, cōnfīsus sum [3 semi-deponent]: to trust, rely on

Notes

[1] Ablative absolute using present active participles:

patre ignōrante

literally: with the father not knowing

> without her father’s knowledge

ipsō ignōrante

literally: with he himself not knowing

> without his knowledge

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/ablative%20absolute

[2]

Ista licet tē līberāvit, …

Although she freed you …

[3] Ista licet tē līberāvit, …

Although she freed you, …

The use of iste, ista, istud in a pejorative way – which was common in CL – is lost by the Mediaeval period; the demonstrative pronouns is, hic, ille and iste are used interchangeably although, in this particular text, given the father’s disdain of the girl, the original negative connotation could still be understood.

[2] Mediaeval use of quod in indirect statements:

probō tibī, quod nōn possīs in eam cōnfīdere

I prove to you that you would not be able to trust her

Ergō vidētur, quod tū nōn possīs in eam cōnfīdere

Therefore, it seems that you would not be able to trust her

nōn mihī vidētur, quod uxor tua erit.

It does not seem to me that she will be your wife

Subjunctive usage

[i] Cum vērō ad patrem suum venisset, …

But when she had come to his father …

cum-clause: circumstance

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20cum-clauses

[ii] nōlō, ut eam in uxōrem dūcās

I do not wish you to take her as your wife.

wishing; when negative: also known as prohibition

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20verbs%20of%20wishing

[iii] pater eius multa perdidit qu(a)e prō tuā redemptiōne habuisset

her father lost many things, which he would have received for your ransom

relative clause of characteristic i.e. referring to the type of thing the father would have received

The pluperfect subjunctive conveys contrary-to-fact i.e. it refers to a situation that happened in the past and cannot be altered: he would have had many things, but he did not receive them.

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20characteristic

[iv] … quod tū nōn possīs in eam cōnfīdere

… that you could not / would not be able to trust her

potential

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20potential

[v] hoc fuit causā libīdinis, ut posset tē in virum habēre

this was for the sake of desire, so that she might be able to have you as a husband

purpose

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20purpose

____________________

Immediately the girl, without her father’s knowledge, freed him from his chains and fled with him to his homeland. But when she had come to his father, the father said to her: “O son, I rejoice at your arrival. But tell me, what sort of girl is this whom you have brought with you?”

He said: “She is the king’s daughter, whom I have as my wife.”

The father said: “Under pain of losing your inheritance, I do not wish you to take her as your wife.”

He said: “O father, what are you saying! I am more obliged to her than to you. When I was captured in the hand of an enemy and strongly bound in chains, I wrote to you about my ransom, and you were unwilling to ransom me. But she not only freed me from prison, but also from the danger of death; therefore I wish to take her as my wife.”

The father said: “Son,  I prove to you that you could not trust her and consequently in no way can you take her as your wife. She deceived her own father when, without his knowledge, she freed you from prison. For that liberation her father lost much, which he would have received for your ransom. Therefore it seems that you would not be able to trust her and consequently in no way can you take her as your wife. Likewise there is another reason. Although she freed you, this was for the sake of desire, so that she might be able to have you as a husband, and therefore because her desire was the cause of your liberation, it does not seem to me that she will be your wife.”

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXVI [2] (1) deponent verbs; (2) subjunctive usage; (3) participial constructions

THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR [1]

Pompēiō amīcīsque eius superātīs atque omnibus hostibus ubīque victīs, Caesar imperātor Rōmam rediit et extrā moenia urbis in campō Mārtiō castra posuit. Tum vērō amplissimīs honōribus adfectus est. Dictātor creātus est, et eī triumphus ā senātū est dēcrētus. Quō diē dē Gallīs triumphum ēgit, tanta multitūdō hominum in urbem undique cōnflūxit ut omnia loca essent cōnferta. Templa patēbant, ārae fūmābant, columnae sertīs ōrnātae erant. Cum vērō pompa urbem intrāret, quantus hominum fremitus ortus est! Prīmum per portam ingressī sunt senātus et magistrātūs. Secūtī sunt tībīcinēs, signiferī, peditēs laureā corōnātī canentēs: “Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, quī subēgit Galliam,” et “Mīlle, mīlle, mīlle, mīlle Gallōs trucīdāvimus.” Multī praedam captārum urbium portābant, arma, omnia bellī īnstrūmenta. Secūtī sunt equitēs, animōsīs atque splendidissimē ōrnātīs equīs vectī, inter quōs Pūblius adulēscēns fortissimus habēbātur. Addūcēbantur taurī, arietēs, quī dīs immortālibus immolārentur. Ita longō agmine prōgrediēns exercitus sacrā viā per forum in Capitōlium perrēxit.

(1) review: deponent verbs

Deponent verbs look passive but they are active in meaning which can lead to misunderstanding since their forms are the same. You should become familiar with deponent verbs so that you recognise them when they occur in texts. A large number of them have been discussed in previous posts, but reference lists of the most common ones have also been given here.

Compare in the text [i] the passive forms of verbs and [ii] the deponent verbs:

[i]

amplissimīs honōribus adfectus est | he was bestowed with the highest honours

dictātor creātus est | he was made dictator

eī triumphus ā senātū est dēcrētus | a triumph was decreed for him by the senate

columnae sertīs ōrnātae erant | the columns had been decorated with garlands

Pūblius … fortissimus habēbātur. | Publius was regarded as the bravest

addūcēbantur taurī, arietēs, … | Bulls and rams were being led along, …

… quī dīs immortālibus immolārentur | … which were to be sacrificed to the immortal gods.

[ii]

sequor, sequī, secūtus sum [3/deponent]: follow

ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum [3-iō / deponent]: enter

orior, orīrī, ortus sum [4/deponent]: arise

secūtī sunt equitēs | the horsemen followed; not the horsemen *were followed*

secūtī sunt tībīcinēs | the flute-players followed

ingressī sunt senātus et magistrātūs | the senate and magistrates entered

quantus hominum fremitus ortus est! | what a great roar of people arose!

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/deponent%20verbs

(2) review: subjunctive usage

[i] Cum vērō pompa urbem intrāret

[ii] arietēs, quī … immolārentur

[iii] tanta multitūdō hominum in urbem undique cōnflūxit ut omnia loca essent cōnferta

(3) review: participial constructions

[i] Pompēiō amīcīsque eius superātīs …

[ii] omnibus hostibus ubīque victīs …

[iii] equitēs … splendidissimē ōrnātīs equīs vectī

[iv] peditēs laureā corōnātī …

[v] peditēs laureā corōnātī canentēs …

[vi] Ita longō agmine prōgrediēns exercitus …

____________________

After Pompey and his friends had been defeated, and all the enemies everywhere had been conquered, Caesar the commander returned to Rome and pitched camp outside the city walls in the Campus Martius.

Then indeed he was honoured with the highest distinctions. He was made dictator, and a triumph was decreed for him by the senate. On the day on which he celebrated his triumph over the Gauls, such a crowd of people poured into the city from all directions that every place was packed. The temples were open, the altars were smoking, and the columns had been decorated with garlands.

And when the procession entered the city, what a great roar of people arose! First the senate and magistrates entered through the gate. The flute-players followed, standard-bearers, and infantry crowned with laurel, singing: “Behold Caesar now triumphs, who has conquered Gaul,” and “A thousand, a thousand, a thousand, a thousand Gauls we have slain.”

Many were carrying the spoils of captured cities — weapons, all the equipment of war. The cavalry  followed, riding on [literally: conveyed by] spirited and most splendidly decorated horses, among whom the young man Publius was regarded as the bravest. Bulls and rams were being led along, which were to be sacrificed to the immortal gods.

Thus, advancing in a long procession, the army made its way along the Sacred Way through the Forum and on to the Capitoline.

Level 4; literature; Mediaeval; Gesta Rōmānōrum; Fīlia Pīrātae [1]

Compiled by an unknown author about the late 13^th / early 14^th century, Gesta Rōmānōrum (the deeds of the Romans) is a collection of anecdotes and tales which, despite its title, have little, if anything, to do with the Romans. Nevertheless, it was not only one of the most popular books at the time but also a direct or indirect source for literature including the works of Geoffrey Chaucer, Giovanni Boccaccio and William Shakespeare.

Like the Vulgate it can be regarded as a “bridge” between textbook Latin and the works of the Roman authors. Sentence structure is generally less complex, and language is neither poetic nor oratorical in style. The only proviso is that certain features occur that are not evident in Classical Latin, although the meaning remains clear. Where variations occur, they will be noted.

Rēx quīdam rēgnāvit, in cuius imperiō erat quīdam iuvenis ā pīrātīs captus, quī scrīpsit patrī suō prō redemptiōne. Pater nōluit eum redimere sīc, quod iuvenis multō tempore in carcere erat macerātus. Ille, quī eum in vinculis habēbat, quandam pulchram fīliam ac oculīs hominum grātiōsam genuerat, qu(a)e nutrīta in domō erat, quousque vīgintī annōs in etāte (aetāte) suā complēverat, quae saepius incarcerātum visitātum īvit ac cōnsōlābātur. Sed ille in tantum dēsōlātus erat, quod nūllam cōnsōlātiōnem recipere poterat, sed suspīria et gemitūs continuē ēmittēbat.

Accidit quōdam diē, quod, cum puella eum visitāret, ait iuvenis eī: “Ō bona puella, utinam vellēs prō meā līberātiōne labōrāre!”

Quae ait: “Quōmodo poterō hoc attentāre! Pater tuus, quī tē genuit, nōn vult tē redimere, ego vērō, cum sim tibi extrānea, quōmodo deberem hoc cogitāre? “Et sī tē līberārem, offēnsiōnem patris meī incurrerem, quia tuam redemptiōnem perderet pater meus. Vērumtamen mihi ūnum concēde, et līberābō tē.”

Ait ille: “Ō bona puella, pete ā mē quid tibi placuerit! Sī mihi est possibile, ego concēdam.”

At illa: “Nihil aliud petō prō tuā līberātiōne, nisi quod mē in uxōrem dūcās tempore opportūnō.”

Quī ait: “Hoc tibi firmiter prōmittō.”

Vocabulary

[i]

consolātiō, -ōnis [3/f]: consolation, comfort

gemitus, -ūs [4/m]: groan

offēnsiō, -ōnis [3/f]: offence, wrongdoing

pīrāta, -ae [1/m]: pirate

rēdemptiō, -ōnis [3/f]: ransom, redemption

suspirium, -ī [2/n]: sigh

vinculum, -ī [2/n]: bond, chain, fetter

[ii]

cōnsolor, cōnsolārī, cōnsolātus sum [1 deponent]: console, comfort

dēsolō, dēsolāre, dēsolāvī, dēsolātus [1]: desolate, distress

gignō, gignere, genuī, genitus [3]: beget, bring forth

incurrō, incurrere, incursī, incursus [3]: incur, fall into (e.g. offence/blame)

macerō, macerāre, macerāvī, macerātus [1]: wear down, exhaust

nūtrīō, nūtrīre, nūtrīvī, nūtrītus [4]: nourish, bring up, rear

rēdīmō, rēdimere, redēmī, redemptus [3]: ransom, redeem

[iii]

dēsōlātus, -a, -um: desolate, distressed

extrāneus, -a, -um: foreign, unrelated, outsider (as adjective)

grātiōsus, -a, -um: pleasing, charming, graceful

opportūnus, -a, -um: suitable, favourable, opportune

Notes

[1] Rēx quīdam rēgnāvit, in cuius imperiō erat quīdam iuvenis ā pīrātīs captus …

A feature of some texts in the Gesta Rōmānōrum is their deliberate vagueness. The phrase rēx quīdam introduces an unnamed and unspecified king, while in cuius imperiō provides only a minimal narrative setting. This lack of specificity shows that the king serves merely as a framing device and plays no further role in the story. This kind of opening is similar to a folk tale (“once there was a king”), signalling that the moral narrative, rather than historical detail, is the focus.

[2] visitātum īvit | she went to visit …; supine

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/supine

[3] There are few challenges in reading Mediaeval Latin (ML); differences will be noted as we work through the text:

[i] ae > e; this reflects the shift in pronunciation from the Classical Latin (CL) diphthong /ae/ to /e/ and commonly occurs in Mediaeval writing:

CL: quae > ML: que (Compare Fr. / Sp. que)

CL: aetate > ML: etate

[iii] word order, although still displaying Classical Latin structure, is simpler in style; note in particular that verbs are trending towards an order similar or identical to, for example, French and English:

… quī scrīpsit patrī suō prō redemptiōne.

who wrote to his father about a ransom

… cum sim tibi extrānea, …

since I am a stranger to you, …

Nihil aliud petō prō tuā līberātiōne, …

I ask nothing else for your freedom

Sī mihi est possibile …

If it is possible for me,

līberābō tē

I will free you

[iv] A major change to note: far wider-ranging use of quod to express the conjunction ‘that’; these are not CL structures but show the influence of Romance languages that had developed from Latin. Both of the examples below would require ut + subjunctive in CL:

Sed ille in tantum dēsōlātus erat, quod nūllam cōnsōlātiōnem recipere poterat

But he was so utterly desolate that he was unable to receive any consolation

Accidit quōdam diē, quod, … ait iuvenis eī

It happened one day that, … the young man said to her

Subjunctive usage

The text is an excellent source of review of the subjunctive, and their uses are very clear:

[i] cum puella eum visitāret, …

when the girl was visiting him,

cum sim tibi extrānea, …

since I am a stranger to you, …

cum-clause: circumstance

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20cum-clauses

[ii] utinam vellēs prō meā līberātiōne labōrāre!

if only you were willing to work for my freedom!

optative

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20optative

[iii] quōmodo deberem hoc cogitāre?

how should I think of doing this?

deliberative

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20deliberative

[iv] Et sī tē līberārem, offēnsiōnem patris meī incurrerem, …

And if I were to free you, I would incur the anger of my father, …

conditional clause: present contrary-to-fact

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2026/03/100926-level-3-conditional-clauses-7.html

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2026/03/100926-level-3-conditional-clauses-8.html

[v] … quia tuam redemptiōnem perderet pater meus.

… because my father would lose your ransom.

causal clause

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2026/03/230826-level-3-subjunctive-90-dependent.html

[vi] pete ā mē quid tibi placuerit [perfect subjunctive]

ask from me whatever you please [literally: what may have pleased you]

indirect question

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20indirect%20questions

[vii] Nihil aliud petō …, nisi quod mē in uxōrem dūcās

I ask nothing else …, except (for the fact) that you take me as your wife

indirect command: in CL usually with ut but ML uses quod [see note [1][iv] above]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20indirect%20commands

____________________

A certain king reigned, in whose realm there was a certain young man who had been captured by pirates, and who wrote to his father about a ransom. The father was unwilling to ransom him in this way, because the young man had been worn down by a long time in prison. The man who was holding him in chains had begotten a certain beautiful daughter, pleasing in the eyes of men, and she had been brought up in the house until she had reached twenty years of age. She often went to visit the imprisoned man and used to comfort him. But he was so utterly desolate that he was unable to receive any consolation, and instead he continually let out sighs and groans.

It happened one day that, when the girl was visiting him, the young man said to her: “O good girl, if only you were willing to work for my freedom!”

She said: “How shall I be able to attempt this? Your father, who begot you, is unwilling to ransom you; but I, since I am a stranger to you, how should I think of doing this? And if I were to free you, I would incur the anger of my father, because my father would lose your ransom. Nevertheless, grant me one thing, and I will free you.”

He said: “O good girl, ask from me whatever you please! If it is possible for me, I will grant it.”

But she said: “I ask nothing else (in exchange / in return) for your freedom, except that you should take me as your wife at a suitable time.”

He said: “I firmly promise you this.”

Gesta Romanorum (1493)

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXV [7] (1) impersonal passive; (2) connecting relative; (3) participial constructions; (4) subjunctive; (5) indirect statement

 CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CÆSAR AND POMPEY; THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA [2]

Plūribus leviōribus proeliīs factīs, tandem cōpiae adversae ad Pharsālum in Thessaliā sitam castra posuērunt. Cum Pompeī exercitus esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multī quī veterānās legiōnēs quae Gallōs et Germānōs superāverant vehementer timēbant. Quōs ante proelium commissum Labiēnus lēgātus, quī ab Caesare nūper dēfēcerat, ita adlocūtus est: “Nōlīte exīstimāre hunc esse exercitum veterānōrum mīlitum. Omnibus interfuī proeliīs neque temerē incognitam rem prōnūntiō. Perexigua pars illīus exercitūs quī Gallōs superāvit adhūc superest. Magna pars occīsa est, multī domum discessērunt, multī sunt relictī in Italiā. Hae cōpiae quās vidētis in citeriōre Galliā nūper cōnscrīptae sunt.” Haec cum dīxisset, iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra nōn reversūrum esse. Hoc idem Pompēius et omnēs reliquī iūrāvērunt, et magnā spē et laetitiā, sīcut certam ad victōriam, cōpiae ē castrīs exiērunt.

Item Caesar, animō ad dīmicandum parātus, exercitum suum ēdūxit et septem cohortibus praesidiō castrīs relictīs cōpiās triplicī aciē īnstrūxit. Tum, mīlitibus studiō pugnae ārdentibus, tubā signum dedit. Mīlitēs prōcurrērunt et pīlīs missīs gladiōs strīnxērunt. Neque vērō virtūs hostibus dēfuit. Nam et tēla missa sustinuērunt et impetum gladiōrum excēpērunt et ōrdinēs cōnservāvērunt. Utrimque diū et ācriter pugnātum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. Tum equitēs Pompēī aciem Caesaris circumīre cōnātī sunt. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, tertiam aciem, quae ad id tempus quiēta fuerat, prōcurrere iussit. Tum vērō integrōrum impetum dēfessī hostēs sustinēre nōn potuērunt et omnēs terga vertērunt. Sed Pompēius dē fortūnīs suīs dēspērāns sē in castra equō contulit, inde mox cum paucīs equitibus effūgit.

(1) review: impersonal passive

Utrimque diū et ācriter pugnātum est | on both sides there was a long and fierce battle

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/impersonal%20passive

pugnō, -āre: fight; it is an intransitive verb, meaning that it cannot take a direct object. Other examples of intransitive verbs include:

currō, -ere: run

dormiō, -īre: sleep

eō, īre: go

veniō, -īre: come

Intransitive verbs cannot have passive forms with a subject e.g. *he has been slept*, *they were being run*. However, passive forms of intransitive verbs without a subject are used to convey impersonal ideas.

pugnātum est | literally: it was fought

Translations will vary but focus not on who performed the action, but on the action itself:

> There was fighting going on / people were fighting / ‘they’ fought / a battle was taking place

Pugnātum est ab utrīsque ācriter (Caesar)

• There was fierce fighting on both sides [ literally: ‘it’ was fought bitterly …]

Ea mē spectātum tulerat per Dionȳsia. postquam illō ventum est, iam, ut mē collocāverat, exorītur ventus turbō (Plautus)

• She had taken me to see (the show) at the Dionysiac festival. After we’d arrived there, just as she had settled me, a storm wind arose.

Ergō ex omnibus locīs urbis in forum curritur (Livy)

• Therefore, from all parts of the city people are running into the forum.

Macte novā virtūte, puer: Sīc ītur ad astra (Vergil)

• Be blessed in your new courage, boy; this is the way to the stars / one goes to … [literally: In this way it is being gone …]

Ad arma conclāmātum est (Livy)

• The cry ‘to arms!’ was raised.

Et Rōmam inde frequenter migrātum est, ā parentibus maximē ac propinquīs raptārum (Livy)

• And from there, there was frequent migration to Rome, especially by the parents and relatives of those / the women who had been abducted.

Magnīs opibus dormītur in urbe (Juvenal)

• Only with great wealth is it possible to sleep / do people sleep in the city.

(2) review: connecting relative pronouns

[i] Quōs … Labiēnus lēgātus … ita adlocūtus est:

[ii] Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, …

(3) review: participial constructions

[i] Pompēius dē fortūnīs suīs dēspērāns …

[ii] mīlitibus studiō pugnae ārdentibus …

[iii] plūribus leviōribus proeliīs factīs, …

[iv] septem cohortibus … relictīs …

[v] pīlīs missīs gladiōs strīnxērunt …

[vi] tēla missa sustinuērunt …

(4) review: subjunctive

[i] Haec cum dīxisset, …

[ii] Cum Pompeī exercitus esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multī …

(5) review: indirect statement

[i] Nōlīte exīstimāre hunc esse exercitum veterānōrum mīlitum

[ii] iūrāvit sē … in castra nōn reversūrum esse

____________________

After several lighter engagements had been fought, at last the opposing forces pitched camp at Pharsalus, situated in Thessaly. Although Pompey’s army was twice as large as Caesar’s, there were nevertheless many who greatly feared the veteran legions that had defeated the Gauls and the Germans. Before the battle was joined, Labienus, the lieutenant who had recently defected from Caesar, addressed them as follows:

“Do not suppose that this is an army of veteran soldiers. I have been present at all the battles, and I do not rashly pronounce on a matter I do not know. A very small part of that army which defeated the Gauls still survives. A large part has been killed; many have gone home; many have been left behind in Italy. These forces which you see in Cisalpine Gaul have recently been levied.”

When he had said this, he swore that he would not return to camp unless as victor. Pompey himself and all the rest swore the same, and with great hope and joy, as though victory were certain, the troops marched out from the camp.

Caesar likewise, his mind prepared for battle, led out his army and, seven cohorts having been left behind to guard the camp, drew up his forces in a triple line. Then, as the soldiers were burning with eagerness to fight, he gave the signal with the trumpet. The soldiers charged forward and once the javelins had been thrown, drew their swords. Nor indeed did courage fail the enemy: they both withstood the missiles that had been hurled, met the assault of the swords, and kept their ranks. On both sides the fighting went on long and fiercely, and no one gave ground. Then Pompey’s cavalry tried to outflank Caesar’s line. When Caesar noticed this, he ordered the third line, which up to that time had been at rest, to charge. Then indeed the exhausted enemy could not withstand the attack of fresh troops, and all turned their backs. But Pompey, despairing of his fortunes, made his way on horseback to the camp, and soon afterwards fled from there with a few horsemen.

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXIV [2] (1) gerunds and gerundives; (2) subjunctive; (3) grammatical terms

THE CITY IS TAKEN; THE CAPTIVES ARE QUESTIONED [1]

Omnibus rēbus necessāriīs ad oppugnandum ā Pūbliō comparātīs, dēlīberātur in conciliō quod cōnsilium oppidī expugnandī ineant. Tum ūnus ex centuriōnibus, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, “Ego suādeō,” inquit, “ut ab eā parte, ubi aditus sit facillimus, aggerem exstruāmus et turrim prōmoveāmus atque ariete admōtō simul mūrum discutere cōnēmur.” Hoc cōnsilium cum omnibus placēret, Caesar concilium dīmīsit. Deinde mīlitēs hortātus ut priōrēs victōriās memoriā tenērent, iussit aggerem exstruī, turrim et arietem admovērī. Neque oppidānīs cōnsilium dēfuit. Aliī ignem et omne genus tēlōrum dē mūrō in turrim coniēcērunt, aliī ingentia saxa in vīneās et arietem dēvolvērunt. Diū utrimque ācerrimē pugnātum est. Nē vulnerātī quidem pedem rettulērunt. Tandem, dē tertiā vigiliā, Pūblius, quem Caesar illī operī praefēcerat, nūntiāvit partem mūrī ictibus arietis labefactam concidisse. Quā rē audītā Caesar signum dat; mīlitēs inruunt et magnā cum caede hostium oppidum capiunt.

(1) review: gerunds and gerundives

Omnibus rēbus necessāriīs ad oppugnandum ā Pūbliō comparātīs | With all the necessary things for attacking having been prepared by Publius

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/gerund

cōnsilium oppidī expugnandī | literally: a plan of the town to be captured > a plan for capturing the town

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/gerundive

(2) review: subjunctive

Translate and identify the types of subjunctive being used in these extracts. Choose from the list below; one is used twice.

[i] “Ego suādeō,” inquit, “ut ab eā parte … aggerem exstruāmus et turrim prōmoveāmus atque ariete admōtō simul mūrum discutere cōnēmur.

[ii] … ubi aditus sit facillimus, …

[iii] Deinde mīlitēs hortātus ut priōrēs victōriās memoriā tenērent, …

[iv] dēlīberātur in conciliō quod cōnsilium oppidī expugnandī ineant.

[v] Hoc cōnsilium cum omnibus placēret, …

circumstantial clause

clause of characteristic

indirect command

indirect question

(3) review: grammatical terms

If, at this level, you are using any Latin grammar book then there will be a consistent set of terms that are used by authors. Match the words and phrases from the text and the grammatical terms that describe them.

____________________

With all the necessary things for attacking having been prepared by Publius, it is debated in council what plan they should adopt for capturing the town. Then one of the centurions, a man very experienced in military matters, said, “I advise that from that side where the approach is easiest we build a rampart and move forward a tower, and, with the battering ram brought up, try at the same time to break through the wall.” Since this plan pleased everyone, Caesar dismissed the council. Then, having urged the soldiers to keep their previous victories in mind, he ordered that a rampart be built and that a tower and battering ram be brought up. Nor did the townsmen lack a plan: some threw fire and every kind of missile from the wall onto the tower, others rolled huge stones down onto the mantelets and the battering ram. For a long time the fighting was carried on very fiercely on both sides, and not even the wounded drew back a step. At last, at the third watch, Publius, whom Caesar had put in charge of that work, reported that a part of the wall, weakened by the blows of the battering ram, had collapsed. This having been heard, Caesar gives the signal; the soldiers rush in and capture the town with great slaughter of the enemy.

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXIII [3] (1) subjunctive; (2) indirect statement; (3) participial constructions

THE STORMING OF A CITY

Pūblius plūrīs diēs in Germāniā morātus in Galliam rediit, et ad Caesaris castra sē contulit. Ille quia molestē ferēbat Gallōs eius regiōnis obsidēs dare recūsāvisse et exercituī frūmentum praebēre nōluisse, cōnstituit eīs bellum īnferre. Agrīs vāstātīs, vīcīs incēnsīs, pervēnit ad oppidum validissimum quod et nātūrā et arte mūnītum erat. Cingēbātur mūrō vīgintī quīnque pedēs altō. Ā lateribus duōbus situm, praeruptō fastīgiō ad plānitiem vergēbat; ā quārtō tantum latere aditus erat facilis. Hoc oppidum oppugnāre, cum opus esset difficillimum, tamen cōnstituit Caesar. Et castrīs mūnītīs Pūbliō negōtium dedit ut rēs ad oppugnandum necessāriās parāret.

Rōmānōrum autem oppugnātiō est haec. Prīmum turrēs aedificantur quibus mīlitēs in summum mūrum ēvādere possint; vīneae fīunt quibus tēctī mīlitēs ad mūrum succēdant; pluteī parantur post quōs mīlitēs tormenta administrent; sunt quoque arietēs quī mūrum et portās discutiant. Hīs omnibus rēbus comparātīs, deinde agger ab eā parte ubi aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum vīneīs ad ipsum oppidum agitur. Tum turris in aggere prōmovētur; arietibus quī sub vīneīs conlocātī erant mūrus et portae discutiuntur; ballistīs, catapultīs, reliquīsque tormentīs lapidēs et tēla in oppidum coniciuntur. Postrēmō cum iam turris et agger altitūdinem mūrī adaequant et arietēs moenia perfrēgērunt, signō datō mīlitēs inruunt et oppidum expugnant.

(1) review: subjunctive

Translate the following extracts focussing on the constructions in bold:

[i] Hoc oppidum oppugnāre, cum opus esset difficillimum, tamen cōnstituit Caesar.

[ii] Pūbliō negōtium dedit ut rēs ad oppugnandum necessāriās parāret.

[iii] Prīmum turrēs aedificantur quibus mīlitēs in summum mūrum ēvādere possint;

[iv] vīneae fīunt quibus tēctī mīlitēs ad mūrum succēdant

[v] pluteī parantur post quōs mīlitēs tormenta administrent;

[vi] sunt quoque arietēs quī mūrum et portās discutiant

(2) review: indirect statement

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/indirect%20statement

Translate the following extract. Remember that the grammatical term indirect statement may not refer exclusively to what somebody said, but, here, what somebody thought or felt:

Ille quia molestē ferēbat Gallōs eius regiōnis obsidēs dare recūsāvisse et exercituī frūmentum praebēre nōluisse, …

(3) review: participial constructions

Translate the following extracts focussing on the constructions in bold:

[i] Pūblius plūrīs diēs in Germāniā morātus in Galliam rediit, …

[ii] Agrīs vāstātīs, vīcīs incēnsīs, pervēnit ad oppidum …

[iii] Et castrīs mūnītīs Pūbliō negōtium dedit

[iv] Hīs omnibus rēbus comparātīs, …

[v] signō datō mīlitēs inruunt …

____________________

Publius, after staying / having stayed for several days in Germany, returned to Gaul and made his way to Caesar’s camp. Caesar, because he was displeased that the Gauls of that region had refused to give hostages and had been unwilling to supply grain to the army, decided to make war upon them.

After the fields had been laid waste and the villages burned, he came to a very strongly fortified town, which was defended both by nature and by workmanship. It was surrounded by a wall twenty-five feet high. On two sides it was situated on a slope, with a steep incline falling down to the plain; from the fourth side alone was access easy.

Although it was a most difficult task to attack this town, Caesar nevertheless decided to undertake it. And, after the camp had been fortified, he assigned Publius the task of preparing [lit: so that he might prepare] the things necessary for the attack.

The Roman method of attack, however, is as follows. First, towers are built by which the soldiers may be able to climb up onto the top of the wall; mantlets are made by which the soldiers, being covered, may approach the wall; screens are prepared behind which the soldiers may operate the engines; there are also battering rams which may smash the wall and the gates.

When all these things have been prepared, then a rampart is built from that side where the approach is easiest and is pushed forward with the mantlets right up to the town. Then a tower is moved forward on the rampart; by means of the rams, which had been placed under the mantlets, the wall and gates are battered down; by ballistae, catapults, and the other engines, stones and missiles are hurled into the town.

Finally, when the tower and ramp now match the height of the wall and the rams have broken through the defences, the signal having been given, the soldiers rush in and capture the town.

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXII [3] (1) subjunctive; (2) indirect statement; (3) participial constructions

 PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY; ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE ANIMALS 

Initā aestāte Caesar litterīs certior fīēbat et per explōrātōrēs cognōscēbat plūrīs cīvitātēs Galliae novīs rēbus studēre et contrā populum Rōmānum coniūrāre obsidēsque inter sē dare atque cum hīs Germānōs quōsdam quoque sēsē coniūnctūrōs esse. Hīs litterīs nūntiīsque commōtus Caesar cōnstituit quam celerrimē in Gallōs proficīscī, ut eōs inopīnantīs opprimeret, et Labiēnum lēgātum cum duābus legiōnibus peditum et duōbus mīlibus equitum in Germānōs mittere. Itaque rē frūmentāriā comparātā castra mōvit. Ab utrōque rēs bene gesta est; nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium fīnīs pervēnit ut spatium cōpiās cōgendī nōn darētur; et Labiēnus dē Germānīs tam grave supplicium sūmpsit ut nēmō ex eā gente in reliquum tempus Gallīs auxilium dare audēret.

Hoc iter in Germāniam Pūblius quoque fēcit et, cum ibi morārētur, multa mīrābilia vīdit. Praesertim vērō ingentem silvam mīrābātur, quae tantae magnitūdinis esse dīcēbātur ut nēmō eam trānsīre posset, nec quisquam scīret aut initium aut fīnem. Quā dē rē plūra cognōverat ā mīlite quōdam quī ōlim captus ā Germānīs multōs annōs ibi incoluit. Ille dē silvā dīcēns, “Īnfīnītae magnitūdinis est haec silva,” inquit; “nec quisquam est huius Germāniae quī initium eius sciat aut ad fīnem adierit. Nāscuntur illīc multa tālia animālium genera quālia reliquīs in locīs nōn inveniuntur. Sunt bovēs quī ūnum cornū habent; sunt etiam animālia quae appellantur alcēs. Hae nūllōs crūrum articulōs habent. Itaque, sī forte concidērunt, sēsē ērigere nūllō modō possunt. Arborēs habent prō cubīlibus; ad eās sē applicant atque ita reclīnātae quiētem capiunt. Tertium est genus eōrum quī ūrī appellantur. Hī sunt paulō minōrēs elephantīs. Magna vis eōrum est et magna vēlōcitās. Neque hominī neque ferae parcunt.”

(1) review: subjunctive

[i] cum-clauses: circumstantial

cum ibi morārētur, …

• while he was lingering / remained there, …

[ii] purpose

Caesar cōnstituit … proficīscī, ut eōs … opprimeret, …

• Caesar decided to set out, in order to overwhelm them ...

[iii] result

nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium fīnīs pervēnit ut spatium cōpiās cōgendī nōn darētur;

• for Caesar reached the enemy’s territory so quickly that no time was given for mustering forces.

… quae tantae magnitūdinis esse dīcēbātur (1) ut nēmō eam trānsīre posset, nec quisquam (2) scīret aut initium aut fīnem.

• … which was said to be of such great size (1) that no one could cross it, (2) nor would anyone know either its beginning or its end.

et Labiēnus dē Germānīs tam grave supplicium sūmpsit ut nēmō … dare audēret.

And Labienus inflicted such severe punishment on the Germans that no one … dared … to give …

• [iv] characteristic

nec quisquam est huius Germāniae (1) quī initium eius sciat aut ad fīnem (2) adierit.

• Nor is there anyone in this Germany (1) who knows its beginning or (2) has reached its end.

(2) review: indirect statement

[1] Two principal clauses with constructions that regularly signal indirect statements:

… Caesar litterīs (1) certior fīēbat ¦ et per explōrātōrēs (2) cognōscēbat | Caesar (1) was informed by letter(s) and (2) learned from scouts …

[2] 4 indirect statements all dependent upon the principal clauses:

plūrīs cīvitātēs Galliae novīs rēbus (1) studēre … | (that) several states of Gaul were eager for revolution

et contrā populum Rōmānum (2) coniūrāre … | and were conspiring against the Roman people

obsidēsque inter sē (3) dare … | and were giving hostages among themselves

atque cum hīs Germānōs quōsdam quoque sēsē (4) coniūnctūrōs esse. | and (that) certain Germans as well were going to join themselves with them.

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/indirect%20statement

(3) review: participial constructions

Translate the following extracts focussing on the constructions in bold:

[i] Ille dē silvā dīcēns, … inquit;

[ii] Caesar cōnstituit … proficīscī, ut eōs inopīnantīs opprimeret, …

[iii] Hīs litterīs nūntiīsque commōtus Caesar cōnstituit …

[iv] ā mīlite quōdam quī ōlim captus ā Germānīs

[v] … atque ita reclīnātae quiētem capiunt.

[vi] Itaque rē frūmentāriā comparātā …

____________________

At the beginning of summer, Caesar was being informed by letters and was learning through scouts that several states of Gaul were eager for revolution, were conspiring against the Roman people, were giving hostages among themselves, and that certain Germans as well were going to join themselves with them. Moved by these letters and reports, Caesar decided to set out against the Gauls as quickly as possible, in order to crush them while they were unprepared, and to send the legate Labienus into Germany with two legions of infantry and two thousand cavalry.

Accordingly, after the grain supplies had been arranged, he moved camp. The operation succeeded well on both sides; for Caesar reached the enemy’s territory so rapidly that no time was given for assembling forces; and Labienus inflicted such severe punishment on the Germans that no one of that people dared thereafter to give assistance to the Gauls.

This journey into Germany was also made by Publius, and while he stayed there he saw many remarkable things. He especially admired a vast forest, which was said to be of such great size that no one could cross it, nor did anyone know either its beginning or its end.

On this matter he had learned more from a certain soldier who, having been captured by the Germans at one time, lived there for many years. Speaking about the forest, he said: “This forest is of infinite extent; and there is no one in this part of Germany who knows its beginning or has reached its end.

Many kinds of animals are born there which are not found in other places. There are oxen which have a single horn; there are also animals called elks. These have no joints in their legs. Therefore, if by chance they fall down, they cannot by any means get up again. They use trees as resting places; they lean against them and, thus supported, take their rest.

There is a third kind of animal called urus. These are slightly smaller than elephants. They are very powerful and very fast. They spare neither man nor wild beast.”

Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXI [2] (1) subjunctive; (2) participial constructions

THE ENEMY BESIEGING THE CAMP ARE REPULSED

Cum iam sex hōrās pugnātum esset ac nōn sōlum vīrēs sed etiam tēla Rōmānōs dēficerent, atque hostēs ācrius instārent, et vāllum scindere fossamque complēre incēpissent, Caesar, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, suīs imperāvit ut proelium paulisper intermitterent, et, signō datō, ex castrīs ērumperent. Quod iussī sunt faciunt, et subitō ex omnibus portīs ērumpunt. Atque tam celeriter mīlitēs concurrērunt et tam propinquī erant hostēs ut spatium pīla coniciendī nōn darētur. Itaque reiectīs pīlīs comminus gladiīs pugnātum est. Diū et audācter hostēs restitērunt et in extrēmā spē salūtis tantam virtūtem praestitērunt ut ā dextrō cornū vehementer multitūdine suōrum aciem Rōmanam premerent. Id imperātor cum animadvertisset, Pūblium adulēscentem cum equitātū mīsit quī labōrantibus auxilium daret. Eius impetum sustinēre nōn potuērunt hostēs et omnēs terga vertērunt. Eōs in fugam datōs Pūblius subsecūtus est ūsque ad flūmen Rhēnum, quod ab eō locō quīnque mīlia passuum aberat. Ibi paucī salūtem sibi repperērunt. Omnibus reliquīs interfectīs, Pūblius et equitēs in castra sēsē recēpērunt. Dē hāc calamitāte fīnitimae gentēs cum certiōrēs factae essent, ad Caesarem lēgātōs mīsērunt et sē suaque omnia dēdidērunt.

(1) review: subjunctive usage

[1] cum-clauses: circumstantial

Id imperātor cum animadvertisset, … | When / since the commander had noticed this, …

fīnitimae gentēs cum certiōrēs factae essent … | When the neighbouring tribes had been made aware …

[2] purpose

Pūblium … mīsit quī …auxilium daret. | He sent … Publius … to give help

[3] result

[i] tantam virtūtem praestitērunt ut …  aciem Rōmanam premerent.

(they) showed such great courage that … they were pressing the Roman line

[ii] In this sentence, two phrases introduce a result clause:

Atque (1) tam celeriter mīlitēs concurrērunt et (2) tam propinquī erant hostēs ut spatium pīla coniciendī nōn darētur.

And the soldiers ran together (1) so quickly and the enemy were (2) so close that no space was given for throwing javelins.

[4] This text gives examples of lengthier sentences containing multiple clauses, a common feature of Classical Latin literature:

The first sentence of the text uses multiple subjunctive forms; look out for the conjunctions that introduce subordinate clauses, in this case [A] cum and [B] ut

[A] Cum iam sex hōrās pugnātum esset ac nōn sōlum vīrēs sed etiam tēla Rōmānōs dēficerent, atque hostēs ācrius instārent, et vāllum scindere fossamque complēre incēpissent, Caesar, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, suīs imperāvit [B] ut proelium paulisper intermitterent, et, signō datō, ex castrīs ērumperent.

[A] All four subjunctive verbs are dependent upon cum (circumstantial) i.e. cum does not need to be repeated.

Cum iam sex hōrās (1) pugnatum esset ac nōn sōlum vīrēs sed etiam tēla Rōmānōs (2) dēficerent, atque hostēs ācrius (3) instārent, et vāllum scindere fossamque complēre (4) incēpissent, …

When (1) the fighting had already gone on for six hours, and not only strength but also weapons (2) were failing the Romans, and the enemy (3) were pressing on more fiercely, and (4) had begun to tear apart the rampart and fill in the ditch …

[B] Both verbs are dependent upon ut (introducing purpose clauses) i.e. ut does not need to be repeated

… Caesar, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, suīs imperāvit ut proelium paulisper (1) intermitterent, et, signō datō, ex castrīs (2) ērumperent.

Caesar, a man most skilled in military affairs, gave orders to his men that (1) they should pause the battle for a short time and, once the signal had been given, (2) burst out from the camp.

(2) review: participial constructions

Translate the following extracts focussing on the constructions in bold:

[i] Pūblium … mīsit quī labōrantibus auxilium daret.

[ii] Eōs in fugam datōs Pūblius subsecūtus est

[iii] signō datō

[iv] Itaque reiectīs pīlīs comminus gladiīs pugnātum est.

[v] omnibus reliquīs interfectīs

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When they had already been fighting for six hours, and not only their strength but also their weapons were failing the Romans, and the enemy were pressing more fiercely and had begun to cut through the rampart and fill up the ditch, Caesar, a man most skilled in military affairs, ordered his men to suspend the battle for a short time and, when the signal was given, to burst out from the camp.

They do what they have been commanded, and suddenly break out from all the gates. And the soldiers ran together so quickly and the enemy were so close that no space was given for throwing javelins. Therefore, the javelins having been thrown aside, they fought hand-to-hand with swords.

For a long time and bravely the enemy held their ground and, in their final hope of safety, showed such great courage that from their right wing they were strongly pressing the Roman line with a multitude of their own men.

When the commander had noticed this, he sent the young Publius with the cavalry to give help to those who were struggling. The enemy were not able to withstand his charge and all turned in flight. Publius pursued them, after they had been put to flight, as far as the River Rhine, which was five miles distant from that place. There few found safety for themselves. All the rest having been killed, Publius and the cavalry returned into the camp.

When the neighbouring tribes had been made aware of this disaster, they sent envoys to Caesar and surrendered themselves and all their possessions.