Level 3+; Subjunctive [10] tenses [2] the perfect subjunctive [ii] practice

Change the indicative forms of the verb to the perfect subjunctive forms. Remember: Begin with the 3^rd principal part and remove the ending to create the perfect stem:

dīcō, dīcere, dīxī

> dīx-

To the stem add the endings:

-erim

-erīs

-erit

-erīmus

-erītis

-erint

> dīx¦erim, dīxerīs, dīxerit etc.

This applies to all verbs whether they are irregular or not:

sum, esse, fuī

fu¦erim, fuerīs, fuerit etc.

Some of these forms are rare, but the aim is for you to become familiar with the endings.

[1]

[i] laudō

[ii] stās

[iii] habitat

[iv] festināmus

[v] amātis

[vi] iuvant

[2]

[i] docētis

[ii] habeō

[iii] manēmus

[iv] rīdent

[v] tenēs

[vi] videt

[3]

[i] scrībunt 

[ii] mittimus 

[iii] legō 

[iv] dūcitis 

[v] dīcis 

[vi] currit 

[4]

[i] venit 

[ii] faciō 

[iii] capis 

[iv] audīmus

[v] fugitis

[vi] inveniunt

[5]

[i] adsum

[ii] mālō

[iii] nōn vīs

[iv] exit

[v] possumus

[vi] vultis

[vii] ferunt

[viii] trānseunt

____________________

[1]

[i] laudāverim

[ii] steterīs

[iii] habitāverit

[iv] festīnāverīmus

[v] amāverītis

[vi] iūverint

[2]

[i] docuerītis

[ii] habuerim

[iii] mānserīmus

[iv] rīserint

[v] tenuerīs

[vi] vīderit

[3]

[i] scrīpserint

[ii] mīserīmus

[iii] lēgerim

[iv] dūxerītis

[v] dīxerīs

[vi] cucurrerit

[4]

[i] vēnerit

[ii] fēcerim

[iii] cēperīs

[iv] audīverīmus

[v] fūgerītis

[vi] invēnerint

[5]

[i] adfuerim

[ii] māluerim

[iii] nōluerīs

[iv] exierit

[v] potuerīmus

[vi] voluerītis

[vii] tulerint

[viii] trānsierint

Level 3+; Subjunctive [9] the tenses [2] perfect subjunctive [i]

The perfect subjunctive will have its first mention in the next post on usage (negative jussive / prohibitive) and so we will look at its forms here:

Image #1: The perfect subjunctive is formed from:

[i] perfect tense stem (from the 3^rd principal part)

amō, amāre, amāv¦ī > amāv-

habeō, habēre, habu¦ī > habu-

vīvō, vīvere, vīx¦ī > vīx-

capiō, capere, cēp¦ī > cēp-

audiō, audīre, audīv¦ī > audīv-

[ii] + the endings: -erim, -erīs, -erit, -erīmus, -erītis, -erint [-eri- / -erī- + personal endings]

amāverim, amāverīs, amāverit, amāverīmus, amāverītis, amāverint

habuerim, habuerīs etc.

vīxerim, vīxerīs etc.

cēperim, cēperīs etc.

audīverim, audiverīs etc.

Image #2: all verbs – including irregular verbs – form the perfect subjunctive in the same way.

Image #3: An important point to note about the perfect subjunctive is that, apart from the first person singular, the formation and endings look the same as the future perfect tense. There are differences in terms of the use of long vowels (marked in the table and referred to in the video), but in a text which has not been edited with macrons, it is not always easy to distinguish them. Remember: slow and steady! Don’t try to juggle too many concepts at the same time, and simply focus on the use of the perfect subjunctive in the different contexts discussed in subsequent posts.

Describing objects [7]: stone and related materials (ii)

Several words that refer to stone and related materials

[i] lapis, lapidis [3/m]: a stone

lapis pretiōsus: a precious stone

lapideus, -a, -um: of stone

mūrus lapideus │ a stone wall

Lapideus sum, commovēre mē miser nōn audeō (Plautus) │ I'm made of stone / I’m petrified; in my wretchedness, I dare not move myself

[ii] saxum, -ī [2/n]: any large (rough) stone; rock

multa sepulcra ex saxō fōrmāta:  many tombs fashioned (shaped) out of stone

saxeus, -a, -um: (made of) stone

et sit cruor in omnī terrā Aegyptī tam in ligneīs vāsīs quam in saxeīs (Vulgate) │ and let there be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood and in vessels of stone

[iii] petra, -ae [1/f]: rock

nōn sitiērunt in dēsertō cum ēdūceret eōs aquam dē petrā prōdūxit eīs et scidit petram et flūxērunt aquae (Vulgate) │ They didn't thirst when he led them through the deserts; he brought forth for them water from the rock; he split the rock also, and the waters gushed out

[iv] silex, silicis [3 m/f]: pebble, stone, flint; lava

siliceus, -a, -um: (made of) flint

nōn minus saxa silicea, quae neque ferrum neque ignis potest per sē dissolvēre, cum ab ignī sunt percalefacta, acētō sparsō dissiliunt et dissolvuntur (Vitruvius) │ Even rocks of lava, which neither iron nor fire alone can dissolve, split into pieces and dissolve when heated with fire and then sprinkled with vinegar

[v] later, -is [3/n]: brick; ingot / bar (made of precious metal)

laterīcius, -a, -um: (made of) brick

turris laterīcia: a brick tower

laterīciōrum parietum strūctūrae (Vitruvius): literally: structures of brick walls = brick wall constructions

Caesar describes the construction of a musculus (literally: ‘little mouse’), “a shelter used by soldiers while engaged in undermining the walls of a hostile fortification. It was made of wood with a sloping roof …” (Thurston Peck).

The image shows that the musculus allowed Roman soldiers some mobility and protection when doing works nearer to enemy lines.

… mūsculum pedēs LX longum ex māteriā bipedālī, quem ā turrī laterīciā ad hostium turrim mūrumque perdūcerent, facere īnstituērunt (Caesar) │ … they resolved to build a musculus, sixty feet long, of timber, two feet square, and to extend it from the brick tower to the enemy's tower and wall

[vi] marmor, -is [3/n]: marble

marmoreus, -a, -um: (made of) marble

magnum ōrnātum eī templō ratus adiectūrum, sī tēgulae marmoreae essent (Livy) │ The beauty of the temple would be enhanced, he thought, if the tiles were made of marble

tēgula, -ae [1/f]: (roof-) tile

Suetonius (referring to Augustus):

Urbem neque prō maiestāte imperiī ōrnātam et inundātiōnibus incendiīsque obnoxiam excoluit adeō, ut iūre sit glōriātus marmoream sē relinquere, quam laterīciam accēpisset.

The city, which had not been adorned in a manner worthy of the greatness of the empire and was exposed to floods and fires, he so improved that he could rightly boast he had left a city of marble which he had received made of brick.

Describing objects [6]; stone and related materials; Comenius LXV (1658); the Mason

Note: there were some minor inconsistencies in this text regarding the translation of certain words. Therefore, I have changed them to match with the Classical Latin meanings. Many of the words will be discussed in greater depth in the next post.

The mason │ faber murārius

The mason layeth a foundation │ faber murārius pōnit fundāmentum

And buildeth walls │ & struit mūrōs

Either of stones  │ sīve ē lapidibus,

Which the stone-digger   │ quōs lātomus

Getteth out of the quarry, │ ēruit in lapicidīnīs

And the stone-cutter  │& lapidārius /  lapicīda

Squareth by a rule │ conquadrat ad normam.

Or of bricks │ sive ē lateribus

Which are made │ quī formantur,

Of sand and clay  │ex arēnā & lutō,

Steeped in water, │ aquā intrītīs

And are burned in fīre. │ & excoquuntur igne.

Afterwards he plaistereth it │ dein crustat

With lime,  │ calce,

By means of a trowel, │ ope trullæ,

And garnisheth [ = renders] with │ & vestit

A rough-cast. │ tēctōriō.

Vocabulary [1]

calx, calcis [3/f]: limestone, chalk

crustō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: cover (with, for example, plaster); Engl. deriv. ‘crust’ < La: crusta, -ae [1/f]: rind, shell, hard surface

fundamentum, -ī [2/n]: foundation; Engl. dereiv. fundamental

tēctōrium, -ī [2/n]: (a common feature in Roman architecture) plaster, stucco, fresco-painting, a wash for walls

trulla, -ae [1/f]: a small ladle, a scoop; also attested as meaning a mason’s trowel

Vocabulary [2]

mūrus, -ī [2/m]: wall

mūrārius, -ī [2/m]: mason; bricklayer; the word can stand alone although Comenius uses:

faber, fabrī [2/m]: craftsman, artisan + mūrārius

Vocabulary [3]

lapis, lapidis [3/m]: stone

Not much distinction (if any) between the following although [i] do refer to working with stone (-ārius) and cutting (-cīda) it

[i] lapidārius, -ī [2/m] / lapīcida, -ae [1/m] / stone-cutter

[ii] lātomus, -ae [1/f]: quarryman

lapicidinae, -ārum / lautumiae, -ārum (lātomiae, -ārum) [1/f/pl]: (in Classical Latin, the nouns are usually plural) stone quarries

The idea of being sent to stone quarries can be interpreted as punishment:

dūcite, ubi ponderōsās crassās capiat compedēs. inde ībis porrō in lātomīās lapidāriās (Plautus) │ Take him where he may receive weighty and thick fetters, thence, after that, you shall go to the quarries for cutting stone. 

Note:

The use of ē / ex + ablative (discussed in the previous post) to indicate what something is made of:

ex arēnā & lutō: (made) of sand and clay

ē lapidibus: (made) of stones

ē lateribus: (made) of bricks

Level 3+; Subjunctive [8] independent uses [2] jussive [ii] practice

Translate: Let him / her / them …; (s)he / they should …; may you / you should …

Ab oppidō abeās │ May you depart from the town / You should depart from the town / Depart from the town.

[i] Tullia domō veniat.

[ii] Cum deīs labōrēs.

[iii] Per Galliam currātis.

[iv] Fīlius pauperem līberet.

[v] In Graeciā maneat.

[vi] Trōiae habitētis.

[vii] Illa ā curiā iter faciat.

[viii] Per Āsiam fugiās.

[ix] Ille cōnsulēs timeat.

[x] Ad urbem veniās.

[xi] Mātrēs cum ducibus ambulent.

[xii] Adsītis.

[xiii] Illī effugiant.

[xiv] Fabulam mihi narrēs.

[xv] Rēgīnam dēcipiās.

____________________

[i] Let Tullia come away from home. / Tullia should come away from home.

[ii] (May you) work with the gods. / You should work with the gods.

[iii] You should all run through Gaul.

[iv] Let the son free the poor man. / The son should free …

[v] May he / he should stay in Greece.

[vi] Live in Troy / You should (all) live in Troy.

[vii] Let her journey from the Senate House.

[viii] (You should) flee through Asia.

[ix] Let him / he should fear the consuls.

[x] (You should) come to the city.

[xi] Let the mothers walk with the leaders / the mothers should walk …

[xii] Be / You should (all) be present.

[xiii] Let them escape.

[xiv] You should tell the story to me.

[xv] You should deceive the queen.

Level 3+; Subjunctive [7] independent uses [2] jussive [i]

The term jussive subjunctive is from La: iubeō, -ēre [2]: command

(1) The jussive subjunctive is generally interpreted as a form of command or strong suggestion. It translates as or “Let him / her / them (do something) or, dependent upon context, should (do something)” and is used with the 3^rd person singular or plural:

dīcat │ Let him (her) say.

discēdant │  Let them depart.

discipulus discat aut discēdat │ Let the student learn or leave / the student should learn or leave.

Habeat cōnsul cōnsilia cōnsilia senātōrum │ Let the consul have the advice of the senators / The consul should have …

[i] Vulgate: What God commanded

Dīxitque Deus: Fīat lūx │ And God said: Let there be light.

Fīat firmāmentum in mediō aquārum: et dīvidat aquās ab aquīs. │ Let there be / become / be made an expanse in the middle of the waters: and let it separate the waters from the waters.

Germinet terra herbam virentem │ Let the earth bring forth green vegetation.

Fīant lūmināria in firmāmentō caelī, et dīvidant diem ac noctem, et sint in signa et tempora, et diēs et annōs │ And God said: Let there be lights in the firmament of the sky, and let them divide the day and the night, and let them be for signs and seasons and for days and years.

Prōdūcat terra animam vīventem in genere suō │ And God also said: Let the land produce the living creature (living creatures), each according to its own kind

Prōdūcant aquae rēptile animae vīventis, et volātile super terram sub firmāmentō caelī. │ Let the waters bring forth a crawling creature of living breath,  and a flying creature above the earth beneath the firmament of the sky

[ii] Cēdant arma togae, concēdat laurea linguae (Cicero) │ Let arms give way to the toga, let the laurel be granted to eloquence.

[iii] Ēmittat ad mē Pūblius (Cicero) │ Let Publius send (someone) to me

[iv] Hoc tantum sciat (Livy) │ Let him know only this.

[v] Sit fūr, at est bonus imperātor (Cicero) │ Let him be a thief [he may be a thief], at least he is a good general.

(2) The jussive subjunctive can also be 2^nd person singular or plural:

Taceās, Antonī! │ Be quiet, Antony! [Literally: May you be quiet / you should be quiet]

[i] Abeās! (Plautus) │ Be off!

[ii] From the student song Gaudeāmus igitur:

Abeās ad īnferōs, │ May you go away to the underworld,

Trānseās ad superōs │ May you cross over to the heavens

The translations could equally work as “You should go away / cross over”

[iii] Doceās iter et sacra ōstia pandās (Vergil) │ (May you) show us the way and lay open the sacred portals.

[iv] Si nihil habēbis, tamen scrībās aliquid (Cicero) │ If you have nothing (to write about / no news), write something anyhow. 

[v] Iniūriās fortūnae … dēfugiendō relinquās (Cicero) │ The wrongs of fortune … (you should) leave behind by flight.

[vi] Sī vultis, habeātis (Cicero) │ If you want, (you may) have it (go ahead and take it).

Image #2: From three into one –shows the Latin translation of a three word title of a Beatles’ song. What’s the original title?

Image #3: Latin legal advice

KEY POINTS: jussive subjunctive [i]

• from iubeō, -ēre [2]: command
• expresses a command or strong suggestion
• usually translated as “let …”, or sometimes “should …” depending on context.
• 3rd person singular or plural: let him / her / them …; (s)he should …
• 2nd person singular or plural: may you; you should …
• typically present subjunctive

Describing objects [5]; wood

[i] lignum, -ī [2/n]: wood; this is the more general word

wood (the material); (pl: firewood): also: tree, club / staff

ē / ex lignō: made of wood

ligneus, -a, -um: wooden

ponticulus ligneus: a little wooden bridge

Careful: the term lignātus does not, unlike the other words listed, refer to anything made of wood or covered with wood; lignor, lignārī, lignātus sum [1/deponent]: to fetch (fire)wood i.e. lignātus means ‘having gone to collect wood’; it cannot be used in the description of an object

(1) sīc ē lignō et ferrō, ut plostra [= plaustra] maiōra tria, arātra cum vōmeribus sex (Varro) │ thus (implements) made of wood and iron, as three large carts, six ploughs and ploughshares

(2) Quod superest, nec ipse sum nescius quōsdam circumstantium cupere audīre, cūr nōn argentō vel aurō, sed potissimum ex lignō simulācrum fierī voluerim (Apuleius Madaurensis) │ As for what remains, I myself am not unaware that some of those standing around wish to hear why I have wanted a statue to be made not of silver or gold, but rather of wood.

(3) Used in the plural

Ignem ex lignīs viridibus atque ūmidīs in locō angustō fierī iussit (Cicero) │ He ordered a fire to be made from green and damp wood in a confined place.

(4) Transferred meanings; examples from the Vulgate:

• Et erit tamquam lignum trānsplantātum iuxtā rīvulōs aquārum (Vulgate) │ And he shall be like a tree which is planted near the running waters
• germinet terra herbam virentem et facientem sēmen et lignum pōmiferum faciēns frūctum (Vulgate) │ Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing fruit
• et adhūc eō loquente vēnit Iūdās Scarioth ūnus ex duodecim et cum illō turba cum gladiīs et lignīs ā summīs sacerdōtibus et ā scrībīs et ā seniōribus (Vulgate) │ Immediately, while he was still speaking, Judas, one of the twelve, came – and with him a multitude with swords and clubs, from the chief priests, the scribes, and the elders

(5) equus ligneus plēnus armātīs (Augustine) │ the wooden horse full of its armed soldiers

(6) Tantisper quidem ut sīs apud mē ligneā in cūstōdiā (Plautus) │ On condition, then, that you shall be in wooden custody [ = in the stocks] at my house.

[ii] materia, -ae [1/f]: [i] timber, lumber i.e. wood used for building; Tacitus (Annalēs 1.35) distinguishes between materia (wood for building) and ligna (pl: firewood); [ii] material; matter; substance i.e. the meaning goes beyond simply ‘wood’

pōns ex māteriā │ a wooden bridge / a bridge made from timber

… ut ferē sunt quae ex vīminibus et māteriā rūsticā fīunt ut corbēs, fiscinae (Varro) │ … in genereal things which are made from wicker and of ‘country / rustic’ wood [i.e. natural / coarse] such as hampers, baskets …

Et vellem, herculēs, māteriam repperīrem aliquam quam deus tantus affluenter indueret (Apuleius) │ And, by Hercules, I would like to find [clothing] material that such a great god could wear in flowing folds.