Level 3+; Subjunctive [52] passive forms [iv] perfect / pluperfect passive; perfect / pluperfect active of deponent verbs

[1] Image #1: the [i] perfect passive and [ii] pluperfect passive indicative, which were discussed in depth in earlier posts, are formed with the perfect passive participle + [i] the present tense of esse and [ii] the imperfect tense of esse

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/130125-level-2-passive-voice-20-perfect.html

[i] Perfect Passive Participle

vocātus, -a, -um: having been called

+ present tense of esse, the PPP agreeing with the subject in gender and number

= perfect passive indicative, for example:

vocātus [m], vocāta [f] sum: I was / have been called

vocātus [m], vocāta [f] es:  you (sg.) were / have been called

vocātus [m], vocāta [f], vocātum [n] est: he / she / it has been called

vocātī [m.pl.], vocātae [f.pl] sumus: we were / have been called

vocātī [m.pl.], vocātae [f.pl] estis: you (pl.) were / have been called

vocātī [m.pl.], vocātae [f.pl], vocāta [n.pl]: they were / have been called

[ii] Perfect Passive Participle

vocātus, -a, -um: having been called

+ imperfect tense of esse, the PPP agreeing with the subject in gender and number

= pluperfect passive indicative, for example:

vocātus [m], vocāta [f] eram: I had been called

vocātus [m], vocāta [f] erās:  you (sg.) had been called

vocātus [m], vocāta [f], vocātum [n] erat: he / she / it had been called

vocātī [m.pl.], vocātae [f.pl] erāmus: we had been called

vocātī [m.pl.], vocātae [f.pl] erātis: you (pl.) had been called

vocātī [m.pl.], vocātae [f.pl], vocāta [n.pl] erant: they had been called

Image #2: to form [i] the perfect and [ii] pluperfect passive subjunctive we use:

[i] the present subjunctive of esse (sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, sint) + the perfect passive participle, agreeing in gender and number with the subject

[ii] the imperfect subjunctive of esse (essem, essēs, esset, essēmus, essētis, essent) + the perfect passive participle, , agreeing in gender and number with the subject

[i] Perfect passive indicative: vocātus sum

> Perfect passive subjunctive: vocātus sim

[ii] Pluperfect passive indicative: vocātus eram

> Pluperfect passive subjunctive: vocātus essem

[2] Image #3: All of the above also applies to deponent verbs which, although passive in form, are active in meaning.

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/01/070425-level-3-deponent-verbs-9-perfect.html

For the deponents, we take the third principal part (hortor, hortārī, hortātus) + the present or the imperfect subjunctive of esse:

hortātus sum │ I (have) encouraged

horātus eram │ I had encouraged

In the subjunctive, these become:

hortātus sim

hortātus essem

audeō, audēre, ausus sum (2/semi-deponent): dare

Tantum opēs crēverant, ut movēre arma, nec Mezentius, neque ūllī aliī accolae ausī sint (Livy adapted) │ “Their strength had grown so much that neither Mezentius nor any other neighbor dared to move a weapon.”

All of the examples are in result clauses since that is one of the uses already discussed at this stage. These forms occur in many other uses and so you need to be familiar with them. They will, however, be dealt with more fully when other uses are introduced.

[a] present passive subjunctive in primary sequence

Tanta est fāma cōnsulis ut ab omnibus laudātus sit. │ The consul’s fame is so great that he has been praised by everybody.

Tam aeger est puer ut ā medicō nōn cūrātus sit. │ The boy is so sick that he has not been treated by the doctor.

Tam dīligenter labōrat ut omnia opera parāta sint. │ He works so diligently that all the works have been prepared.

[b] pluperfect passive subjunctive in historic sequence

Dominus adeō saevus erat ut ā servīs necātus esset. │ The master was so cruel that he had been killed by the slaves.

Senex aurum ita cēlāverat ut ā fīliīs nōn inventum esset.│ The old man had hidden the gold in such a way that it had not been found by (his) sons.

Tanta fūērat clādēs ut signa captāta essent. │ The defeat had been so great that the standards had been captured.

Tanta erat virtūs mīlitum ut hostēs superātī essent. │ The courage of the soldiers was so great that the enemies had been defeated.

Level 3+; Subjunctive [51]; imperfect subjunctive; passive / deponent; anatomy of a sentence; Livy

As you progress through this Level, you will notice that quotations become more involved: they are longer, feature more complex word order, and—crucially—the translations you may consult do not always render the original Latin exactly. This is not necessarily a problem, since fluent and idiomatic translation is often required; however, when analysing how the Latin itself is functioning, it is important that a “first stage” literal translation be examined.

Here is the original passage from Livy:

Ratem ūnam ducentōs longam pedēs, quīnquāgintā lātam ā terrā in amnem porrēxērunt, quam, nē secundā aquā dēferrētur, plūribus validīs retināculīs parte superiōre rīpae religātam pontis in modum humō iniectā cōnstrāvērunt ut bēluae audācter velut per sōlum ingrederentur.

[1] We begin with a literal translation:

Ratem ūnam ducentōs longam pedēs, quīnquāgintā lātam ā terrā in amnem porrēxērunt, quam, … │ They pushed out into the river one raft 200 feet long and 50 feet broad which …

nē secundā aquā dēferrētur, │ so that it would not be carried off by the downstream current

plūribus validīs retināculīs parte superiōre rīpae religātam, │ secured by several strong hawsers / fastenings to the upper part of the bank

pontis in modum ¦ humō iniectā ¦  cōnstrāvērunt │ they covered, with earth having been thrown (on it), in the manner of a bridge [ = they covered with earth like a bridge]

ut bēluae audācter ¦ velut per solum ¦ ingrederentur │ so that the beasts might boldly advance ¦ as if over solid ground.

They pushed out into the river one raft 200 feet long and 50 feet broad which, so that it would not be carried off by the downstream current,  secured by several strong hawsers / fastenings to the upper part of the bank, they covered, with earth having been thrown (on it), in the manner of a bridge so that the beasts might boldly advance ¦ as if over solid ground.

[2] Now we can look at a “second stage” translation from a reliable source that rephrases the passage and divides it into separate sentences, whereas the original Latin consists of a single main clause followed by a series of subordinate clauses.

They pushed out into the river a raft 200 feet long and 50 feet broad, and to prevent it from being carried down-stream, one end was secured by several stout hawsers to the bank. It was covered with earth like a bridge in order that the animals, taking it for solid ground, would not be afraid to venture on it.

Compare [i] original and literal with [ii] a “second stage” rephrased translation that is idiomatic and more fluent, but still conveys the original ideas

[1]

[i] plūribus validīs retināculīs parte superiōre rīpae religātam │ secured by several strong hawsers / fastenings to the upper part of the bank

[ii] one end was secured by several stout hawsers to the bank, i.e. that is what is implied rather than specifically stated in the original

[2]

[i] original and literal

ut bēluae audācter ¦ velut per solum ¦ ingrederentur │ so that the beasts might boldly advance ¦ as if over solid ground.

[ii] in order that the animals, taking it for solid ground, would not be afraid to venture on it i.e. the original positive statement is reworked into a negative one

Level 3+; Subjunctive [50] imperfect subjunctive of deponent verbs

The imperfect subjunctive of deponent verbs is formed in exactly the same way as the passive verbs, the only difference being that deponent verbs have an active meaning.

The image shows [i] the imperfect subjunctive of a passive verb, and [ii] the imperfect subjunctive of a deponent verb.

From the authors:

[i] … Rōmam est profectus, ut senātum ad excidendum Antium hortārētur (Livy) │ He set out for Rome in order to urge [ = so that he might urge] the Senate to destroy Antium

[ii] Nūdāvit sē in sānctissimō templō … ut eō tacente rēs ipsa loquerētur (Cicero) │ He exposed himself in the most sacred temple, … so that, with him silent, the act itself would speak.

[iii] Subitō ā rēge litterae sunt* eī missae, ut Aspim aggrederētur (Nepos) │ Suddenly, a letter was sent to him by the king, so that he might attack Aspis [desiring him to attack …].

*A quick reminder: litterae, although plural, frequently refers to a single letter

[iv] Tēctus montibus substitit Nerō nē ante noctem castra ingrederētur (Livy) │ Nero, concealed by the mountains, halted so that he might not enter the camp before nightfall…

[v] Two imperfect subjunctives in the same sentence, one of which is deponent:

cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum [1/deponent]: attempt

Inde tantus terror pavorque omnēs occupāvit ut nōn modo alius quisquam arma caperet aut castrīs pellere hostem cōnārētur, sed etiam ipse rēx…vix decōrō habitū ad flūmen nāvēsque perfūgerit (Livy)

Then such great terror and fear seized everyone that not only would no one else take up arms or attempt to drive the enemy from the camp, but even the king himself … had barely reached the river and the ships in decent attire.

Level 3+; Subjunctive [49] passive forms [ii] imperfect passive (3) anatomy of a sentence; Cicero’s rhetorical style

Cicero: The fourteen orations against Marcus Antonius (Philippics)

Apart from providing three good examples of the imperfect passive subjunctive being used in an original context, this passage is a good example of a Ciceronian rhetorical pattern that recurs throughout his speeches and has been employed by politicians ever since.

An mē cēnsētis, patrēs cōnscrīptī, quod vōs invītī secūtī estis, dēcrētūrum fuisse, (1) ut parentālia cum supplicātiōnibus miscērentur, (2) ut inexpiābilēs religiōnēs in rem pūblicam indūcerentur, (3) ut dēcernerentur supplicātiōnēs mortuō? (Cicero)

The translation I have given is as close as possible to the original:

“Do you really suppose, Senators, that I – when you yourselves followed it unwillingly – intended to decree that funerary rites should be mingled with public thanksgivings, that unexpiable religious practices be introduced into the state, that thanksgivings be decreed for a dead man?”

An mē cēnsētis… │ Do you really think / suppose that I …

patrēs cōnscrīptī, │ conscript fathers i.e. senators; the term of address used to members of the Roman Senate

quod vōs invītī secūtī estis, │ since you, unwillingly, followed (it) / went along with it

dēcrētūrum fuisse, │ had intended to decree

(1) ut parentālia cum supplicātiōnibus miscērentur, │ that funerary rites should be mingled with public thanksgivings,

(2) ut inexpiābilēs religiōnēs in rem pūblicam indūcerentur, │ that unexpiable religious practices should be introduced into the state,

(3) ut dēcernerentur supplicātiōnēs mortuō? │ that supplications (thanksgivings) should be decreed for a dead man?

Style

If you are reading the literature, it is useful to come to grips with the style of individual authors.

[i] Cicero vehemently and indignantly rejects the notion that he would have voted for these decrees. By casting the passage as a rhetorical question, he signals that no answer is required, as the audience is expected to supply the obvious negative response.

[ii]  … patrēs cōnscrīptī, - quod vōs invītī secūtī estis –

This is a parenthetical statement addressed directly to the senators by name. It sharpens the irony by reminding them that they themselves accepted the measure only unwillingly, thereby making the alleged intention attributed to Cicero appear all the more implausible.

Compare a typical English ‘political’ response:

Why do you think – when you yourselves voted against it – that I would not?

[iii] A key stylistic feature of the passage is the tricolon, a sequence of three parallel words, phrases, or clauses with identical or near-identical structure.

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/290524-level-2-side-note.html

Here, Cicero employs three parallel ut-clauses, reinforced by the repetition of the imperfect passive subjunctive ending:

(1) ut … miscērentur
(2) ut … indūcerentur
(3) ut dēcernerentur

More specifically, this constitutes a tricolon crescēns (crescēns = “growing”), in which each successive clause increases in rhetorical force and seriousness.

Furthermore, the repetition of ut at the beginning of each clause is known as anaphora, a common feature in poetry.

The sequence moves from (1) the improper mixing of funerary rites with public thanksgivings, a breach of ritual decorum, to (2) the introduction of unexpiable, that is permanent and irreparable, religious pollution into the state, a more serious and lasting danger, and finally to (3) the shocking climax, the decreeing of thanksgivings for a dead man, with mortuō emphatically postponed to the end.

The rising intensity of the three ut-clauses reinforces Cicero’s indignation and leads the audience step by step to the conclusion that the alleged decree is not merely mistaken, but profoundly impious, absurd, and contrary to traditional values and customs.

Cicero’s technique is not antiquated but structural: the same rhetorical devices continue to be employed by modern politicians. The passage therefore illustrates not only Ciceronian style, but a timeless pattern of political argumentation.

A striking modern parallel can be seen in the House of Commons, for example in the 2025 Budget response by the Leader of the Opposition, Kemi Badenoch (see linked video). Her speech employs many of the same rhetorical techniques used by Cicero, demonstrating how enduring and effective these devices remain.

The Nightmare before Christmas:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ZYD4cD3yHw

[1] parenthetical statements

• “Today she has announced a new tax raid of £26 billion — they’re all cheering — household income is down.”

The parenthetical aside contrasts the government’s self-congratulation with the alleged reality, sharpening the sense of irony in much the same way as Cicero’s quod vōs invītī secūtī estis.

[2] tricolons

Badenoch repeatedly uses tricolon and tricolon crescēns. Note, in the same way that Cicero repeats the endings of the imperfect passive subjunctive, she too repeats noun and adjective endings to reinforce rhythm and memorability.

• “They are hiking taxes on (1) pensioners, (2) workers, and (3) savers.”
• “(1) She blames Brexit, (2) she blames Donald Trump — (3) she needs to blame herself.”
• “She is (1) spineless, (2) shameless, and (3) completely aimless.”

Some sequences extend beyond three items but still function as crescēns, with the most ludicrous or forceful point saved for last:

“She has chosen to put up tax after tax after tax, taxes on workers, taxes on savers, taxes on pensioners, taxes on investors, taxes on (1) homes, (2) holidays, (3) cars, I think even milkshakes, taxes on anyone”

• “Out of money, out of ideas, out of her depth, and out of road.”

[3] anaphora: the repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive phrases, here incorporated into tricolons.

• “(1) She blames Brexit, (2) she blames Donald Trump — (3) she needs to blame herself.”
• “The fact is the bad choices she is making today – (1) choices to break promises, (2) choices to put up taxes, (3) choices to spend more of other people’s money – are because of the bad choices she made at the last disastrous budget.”

The rapid-fire repetition “Up! … Up! … Up!” followed by “Down! … Down! … Down!” in the next two quotations function like anaphora, creating rhythm and emphasis, even though the repetition does not occur at the beginning of full clauses.

• “Government spending? Up! Welfare spending. Up! Universal credit claimants. Up! Unemployment. Up! Debt interest. Up! Inflation. Up!”
• “And what about the things you want to go up? What about the things you want to go up? Growth. Down! Investment. Down! Business confidence. Down! The credibility of the Chancellor. Down! And not just down – through the floor.”

As in Cicero, repetition and escalation amplify indignation and invite audience participation, which in the Commons becomes literal through collective chanting and interruption.

[4] rhetorical questions

• “Under us we had an energy crisis sparked by a war in Ukraine, and a global pandemic. What is her excuse? What is her excuse?”
• “It is the worst year for graduate recruitment on record. Are they proud of this?”

These questions, like Cicero’s An mē cēnsētis…?, do not seek answers; they assume them and force the audience into agreement.

Once introduced to Cicero, it becomes clear that Badenoch is employing the same rhetorical strategies Cicero used two thousand years ago — rhetorical questions, parenthetical irony, tricolon crescēns, and anaphora. The laughter, outrage, and disruption they provoke show that these techniques still work. Roman oratory and modern parliamentary debate are separated by centuries, but not by rhetoric.

The only difference is that, 2000 years ago, Kemi Badenoch would not have been allowed to speak in the Senate; I wonder if the current UK Chancellor wished that was still the case!

Level 3+; Subjunctive [48] passive forms [ii] imperfect passive (2) practice

[1] Complete the Latin translations with the imperfect passive subjunctive verbs listed below. All 3^rd person singular and plural imperfect passive subjunctive forms.

[i] We were sending a fleet so that the barbarian might be captured. │ Classem mittēbāmus ut barbarus __________.

[ii] The Romans had built ships so that the port might be defended. │ Rōmānī nāvēs aedificāverant ut portus __________.

[iii] The slave behaved in such a way that he was praised by the master. │ Ita servus sē gerēbat ut ā dominō __________.

[iv] The seventh king was so cruel that he was called ‘the arrogant’ by the Romans. │ Septimus rēx erat tam crūdēlis ut superbus ā Rōmānīs __________.

[v] I was preparing a fleet so that they might be expelled. │ Classem parābam ut illī __________.

[vi] We were preparing an army so that the enemies might be destroyed. │  Exercitum parābāmus ut hostēs __________.

[vii] He wrote so many books that they were read by everybody. │ Tot librōs scrīpsit ut ab omnibus __________.

[viii] The soldiers were so brave that they were honored by us. │ Mīlitēs tam fortēs erant ut ā nōbīs __________.

vocārētur; legerentur; laudārētur; honōrārentur; expellerentur; dēlērentur; dēfenderētur; caperētur

[2] Other passive subjunctive forms (1)

The words are ‘shuffled’; rewrite them to create a Latin sentence with a standard word order

[i] I ran into the road so that I might not be harassed by my brother.

nē frātre cucurrī viam ā vexārer in

[ii] I wrote that letter so that you might be warned.

monērēris illam scrīpsī epistulam ut

[iii] We were fighting bravely so that we would not be defeated.

nē vincerēmur fortiter pugnābāmus

[iv] You all ran into the forest so that you might not be captured by the enemies.

cucurristis silvam hostibus nē caperēminī in omnēs ab vōs

[3] Other passive subjunctive forms (2); give the Latin translation using a clause from [A] and a clause from [B] listed below

[i] I was living with such great courage that I was approved of by you.

[ii] So many enemies were arriving that I was frightened greatly.

[iii] The noise of the crowd was so great that you were not heard.

[iv] You hid yourself in the forest so you would not be found by the master.

[v] The enemy commander was sending a fleet so that we might be hindered.

[vi] You were behaving with such great courage that you were praised by them.

[A]

Tū tē in silvā celāvistī

Tot inimīcī adveniēbant

Tantus erat clāmor turbae

Tantā virtūte vōs gerēbātis

Tantā virtūte vīvēbam

Dūx hostium classem mittēbāt

[B]

ut nōn audīrēris.

ut magnopere terrērer.

ut impedīrēmur.

ut ab eīs laudārēminī.

ut ā vōbīs probārer.

nē ā dominō invenīrēris.

____________________

[1]

[i] Classem mittēbāmus ut barbarus caperētur.

[ii] Rōmānī nāvēs aedificāverant ut portus dēfenderētur.

[iii] Ita servus sē gerēbat ut ā dominō laudārētur.

[iv] Septimus rēx erat tam crūdēlis ut superbus ā Rōmānīs vocārētur.

[v] Classem parābam ut illī expellerentur.

[vi] Exercitum parābāmus ut hostēs dēlērentur.

[vii] Tot librōs scrīpsit ut ab omnibus legerentur.

[viii] Mīlitēs tam fortēs erant ut ā nōbīs honōrārentur.

[2]

[i] In viam cucurrī nē ā frātre vexārer.

[ii] Illam epistulam scrīpsī ut monērēris.

[iii] Fortiter pugnābāmus nē vincerēmur.

[iv] Vōs omnēs in silvam cucurristis nē ab hostibus caperēminī.

[3]

[i] Tantā virtūte vīvēbam ut ā vōbīs probārer.

[ii] Tot inimīcī adveniēbant ut magnopere terrērer.

[iii] Tantus erat clāmor turbae ut nōn audīrēris.

[iv] Tū tē in silvā celāvistī ne ā dominō invenīrēris.

[v] Dūx hostium classem mittēbāt ut impedīrēmur.

[vi] Tantā virtūte vōs gerēbātis ut ab eīs laudārēminī.

Level 3+; Subjunctive [47] passive forms [ii] imperfect passive (1)

 The imperfect passive subjunctive is formed in the same way as the imperfect active subjunctive:

[1] The infinitive forms of the verbs are used as the stems:

portāre-

monēre-

dūcere-

capere-

audīre-

[2] The passive personal endings are then added for all conjugations in exactly the same way as the imperfect active subjunctive:

Active > passive

-m > -r

-s > -ris (-re)

-et > -ētur (the short /e/ of the imperfect active subjunctive becomes long in the 3^rd person singular passive subjunctive)

-mus > -mur

-tis > -minī

-nt > -ntur

[3] We will use the 1^st conjugation as an example, but all the conjugations are shown in the table:

[active] portĀREm > [passive] portĀREr

portārēs > portārēris (-re)

portāret > portārētur

portārēmus > portārēmur

portārētis > portārēminī

portārent > portārentur

Again, bear in mind that, in narrative, you will come across the 3^rd person singular and plural of the imperfect passive subjunctive far more frequently than other forms, and so focus initially on recognising them.

Servus dīligenter labōrāvit ut ā dominō laudārētur. │ The slave worked diligently so that he might be praised by his master.

Senex ita respondit ut ab omnibus intellegerētur. │ The old man replied in such a way that he was understood by everyone.

Rēgīna aurum in cistā cēlāvit nē invenīrētur. │ The queen hid the gold in the chest so that it would not be found.

Celeriter currēbat nē ā cūstōdibus caperētur. │ He was running quickly so that he would not be captured by the guards.

Castra mūnīvērunt ut cōpiae ab hostibus dēfenderentur. │ They fortified the camp so that the troops might be defended from the enemies.

Tantī erant cīvium clāmōrēs ut verba ōrātōris nōn audīrentur. │ The citizens’ shouts were so great that the words of the orator were not heard.

Barbarī tam saevī erant ut ab omnibus timērentur. │ The barbarians were so fierce that they were feared by everyone.

From the authors:

[1] Ūnam ratiōnem nōn reiciēbam, ut ager hāc adventīciā pecūniā ēmerētur (Cicero) │ The only clause I did not reject was that land should be purchased by this wind-fall [literally: extraordinary money]

[2] Cōnfīdēbam ac mihi persuāseram fore ut omnia plācārentur inter vōs (Cicero) │ I was confident and had persuaded myself that everything would be settled between you.

[3] Ergō ut audīrētur Vettī nōmen in causā, ut illa vetus aerāria fābula referrētur, idcircō Camurtī et Caesernī est causa renovāta? (Cicero) │ Therefore, so that the name of Vettius would be heard in the case, and that that old financial story would be recounted, has the case of Camurtus and Caesernus been renewed?

[4] Imperfect active and imperfect passive subjunctive in the same sentence.

Factum est senātūs cōnsultum in meam sententiam, ut cum Pompēiō agerētur, ut eam rem susciperet, lēxque ferrētur (Cicero)│ A decree of the Senate was passed in accordance with my opinion, that negotiations should be conducted with Pompey, that he should undertake that matter, and that a law should be passed.

[5] Strictly speaking the following quotation is neither a clause of purpose nor of result. However, it does give a very good example of the use of the imperfect passive subjunctive.

Signō datō ut omnēs pūberēs interficerentur (Livy) │ Orders had been given [literally: (ablative absolute) with the signal having been given] that all the adult males were to be killed.

Level 3+; Subjunctive [46] present subjunctive: all forms

Cicero kindly provides us with a laundry-list of present subjunctives: active, passive and deponent. The passive and deponent verbs are highlighted. All of the subjunctives have been introduced, but take note of ōdī (hate) which is formed differently from the others.

An overdose of present subjunctives; passive and deponent forms are highlighted

Sed est faciundum etiam, ut īrāscātur, iūdex mītigētur, invideat, faveat, contemnat, admīrētur, ōderit, dīligat, cupiat, taedeat, spēret, metuat, laetētur, doleat (Cicero)

But it must also be brought about that the judge may be angry, that he may be softened, that he may envy, that he may favour, that he may despise, that he may admire, that he may hate, that he may love, that he may desire, that he may be disgusted, that he may hope, that he may fear, that he may rejoice, and that he may grieve….

Sed est faciendum etiam, ut … │ But it must also be brought about that …

īrāscātur │ he may be angry < īrāscor, -ī, irātus sum [3/deponent]

iūdex mītigētur │ (that) the judge may be softened; present passive subjunctive of mītigō [1]: make soft; pacify

invideat │ (that) he may envy [understand ‘that’ before each verb to retain the subjunctive idea of the entire statement]

faveat │ he may favour

contemnat │ he may despise

admīrētur │ he may admire < admīror, admīrārī, admīrātus sum [1/deponent]

ōderit │ he may hate* (see end note)

dīligat │ he may love

cupiat │ he may desire

taedeat │it may disgust (he may be disgusted); in Classical Latin, the verb is impersonal

spēret │ he may hope

metuat │ he may fear

laetētur │ he may rejoice < laetor, laetārī, laetātus sum [1/deponent]

doleat │ he may grieve

*ōderit: this is the only “curve ball” in the list which is why its form looks different from the rest. The verb ōdī (hate) has no present tense stem; it uses perfect tense forms to express present tense meaning:

ōdī: I hate

ōdistī: you (sg.) hate

ōdit: (s)he it hates

ōdimus: we hate

ōdistis: you (pl.) hate

ōdērunt: they hate

Therefore, since the verb in the quotation is subjunctive, ōdī takes subjunctive endings on its perfect-formed stem, but the verb still conveys present-time meaning.

ōderim, ōderīs, ōderit, ōderīmus, ōderītis, ōderint

Level 3+; Subjunctive [45] present subjunctive of deponent verbs

Deponent verbs are passive in form but active in meaning. They were first introduced here:

23.02.25: Level 3; deponent verbs (1)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/12/230225-level-3-deponent-verbs-1.html

The present tense was specifically discussed here:

27.02.25: Level 3; deponent verbs (2)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/12/270225-level-3-deponent-verbs-2.html

Image: Deponent verbs also have subjunctive forms, but the present subjunctive can be formed directly from the present indicative and by applying the vowel changes -e- / -ea- / -a- / -ia- (wE, fEAr, A, lIAR) i.e. the endings remain the same; it is only the stem vowels that change.

[i] conor, conārī, conātus sum [1/deponent]: attempt

Sīc vīta hominum est ut ad maleficium nēmō cōnētur sine spē (Cicero) │ Such is the life of men that no one may attempt wrongdoing without hope.

[ii] vereor, verērī, veritus sum [2/deponent]: fear

Tanta est tempestās ut nautae nūmen deōrum vereantur │ The storm is so great that  the sailors fear the power of the gods.

[iii] sequor, sequī, secūtus sum [3/deponent]: follow

Tanta auctōritās est ut omnēs eum sequantur │ His authority is so great that all follow him.

[iv] patior, patī, passus sum [3-iō/deponent]: suffer

Senex tam pauper est ut multum patiātur │ The old man is so poor that he suffers greatly.

[iv] mentior, mentīrī, mentītus sum [4/deponent]: lie

Nēmō sīc dēcipitur, ut dē inimīcō suō mentiātur (Quintillian) │ No one is deceived in such a way that he lies / would lie about his enemy.

[v] 2 subjunctives in the same sentence, one of which is deponent

loquor, loquī, locūtus sum [3/deponent]: speak

Frustō pānis condūcī potest, vel utī taceat vel utī loquātur (Cato) │ He can be bought / bribed with a piece of bread, so that he may either keep silent or speak.

Level 3+; Subjunctive [44] passive forms [i] present passive (2) practice

As mentioned in the previous post, focus on the 3^rd singular and plural forms. However, all the forms of the present passive subjunctive are included in this exercise even if some of them are rare.

Complete the Latin sentences with the verbs listed below.

[i] They close the gate so that the city may be defended. │ Portam claudunt ut urbs __________.

[ii] They prepare ships so that the army may be transported. │ Nāvēs parant ut exercitus __________.

[iii] They place guards so that the prisoners may not be led away. │ Custōdēs pōnunt nē captīvī __________.

[iv] There is such a crowd that the road is blocked. │ Tanta est multitūdō ut via __________.

[v] The fear is so great that the words are scarcely understood. │ Tantus est timor ut verba vix __________.

[vi] The wrong is so serious that the enemies are punished. │ Tam gravis est iniūria ut hostēs __________.

[vii] You do this so that you may be praised by everyone. │ Hoc facis ut ab omnibus __________.

[viii] Take care that you are not punished by the teacher. │ Cūrā nē ā magistrō __________.

[ix] You keep quiet so that you may not be heard by the enemy. │ Tacētis nē ab hostibus __________.

[x] You all shout with such a loud voice that you are feared by everyone. │ Vōs omnēs tantā vōce clāmātis ut ab omnibus __________.

[xi] We do this so that we may be praised by everyone. │ Hoc facimus ut ab omnibus __________.

[xii] We shall keep silent so that we may not be heard by the enemy. │ Tacēbimus nē ab hostibus __________.

[xiii] We hurry so that we may not be punished by the master. │ Festīnāmus nē ā magistrō __________.

[xiv] We fight so bravely that we are feared by everyone. │ Tam fortiter pugnāmus ut ab omnibus __________.

[xv] I hide in the forest so that I am not found by the guards. │ In silvā mē cēlō nē ā custōdibus __________.

[xvi] I shall shout in such a loud voice that I am understood by everybody. │ Tanta vōce clāmābō ut ab omnibus __________.

audiāminī; audiāmur; claudātur; dēfendātur; dūcantur; intellegantur; intellegar; inveniar; laudēmur; laudēris; puniāmur; puniantur; puniāris; timeāminī; timeāmur; trānsportētur

____________________

[i] Portam claudunt ut urbs dēfendātur.

[ii] Nāvēs parant ut exercitus trānsportētur.

[iii] Custōdēs pōnunt nē captīvī dūcantur.

[iv] Tanta est multitūdō ut via claudātur.

[v] Tantus est timor ut verba vix intellegantur.

[vi] Tam gravis est iniūria ut hostēs puniantur.

[vii] Hoc facis ut ab omnibus laudēris.

[viii] Cūrā nē ā magistrō puniāris.

[ix] Tacētis nē ab hostibus audiāminī.

[x] Vōs omnēs tantā vōce clāmātis ut ab omnibus timeāminī.

[xi] Hoc facimus ut ab omnibus laudēmur.

[xii] Tacēbimus nē ab hostibus audiāmur.

[xiii] Festīnāmus nē ā magistrō puniāmur.

[xiv] Tam fortiter pugnāmus ut ab omnibus timeāmur.

[xv] In silvā mē cēlō nē ā custōdibus inveniar.

[xvi] Tanta vōce clāmābō ut ab omnibus intellegar.

Level 3+; Subjunctive [43] passive forms [i] present passive (1)

By this stage you should now be comfortable with the active forms of the subjunctive and you have seen them being used in several different ways. Before we continue with the dependent uses of the subjunctive, we will bring in passive forms of the subjunctive in contexts that you have already seen.

In this post we deal with the present passive subjunctive: remember wE fEAr A lIAr

Note the poetic alternative / archaic 2^nd person singular forms ending in -re which look like infinitives.

1^st conjugation

Active > Passive

portEm > portEr

portēs > portēris; or: portēre

portet > portētur

portēmus > portēmur

portētis > portēminī

portent > portentur

2^nd conjugation

Active > Passive

monEAm > monEAr

moneās > moneāris; or moneāre

moneat > moneātur

moneāmus > moneāmur

moneātis > moneāminī

moneant > moneantur

3^rd conjugation

Active > Passive

dūcAm > dūcAr

dūcās > dūcāris; or: dūcāre

dūcat > dūcātur

dūcāmus > dūcāmur

dūcātis > dūcāminī

dūcant > dūcantur

3^rd-iō conjugation

Active > Passive

capIAm > capIAr

capiās > capiāris; or: capiāre

capiat > capiātur

capiāmus > capiāmur

capiātis > capiāminī

capiant > capiantur

4^th conjugation

Active > Passive

audIAm > audIAr

audiās > audiāris; or: audiāre

audiat > audiātur

audiāmus > audiāmur

audiātis > audiāminī

audiant > audiantur

Notes

[i] I used a personal ‘short-hand’ way of remembering the changes. The passive personal endings for all conjugations are added to the stems i.e. it isn’t a question of learning all the conjugations separately

Active > passive

-m > -r

-s > -ris (-re)

-V̌t > -V̄tur (the short Vowel of the active becomes long in the 3^rd person singular passive e.g. -Et > -Ētur; -eAt > eĀtur)

-mus > -mur

-tis > -minī

-nt > -ntur

[ii] Don’t try to amass all the information at one time; at this Level 4, the purpose is to recognise and understand usage of the subjunctive forms in the literature. Bear in mind that a considerable amount of literature is narrative about somebody else and, therefore, focus initially on 3^rd person singular and plural forms.

Librum scrībit ¦ ut ab omnibus legātur. │ He is writing the book ¦ so that it may be read by everyone.

Tam dīligenter labōrat ¦ ut ab omnibus laudētur. │ He works so diligently ¦ that he is praised by everyone.

Omnēs mīlitēs fugiunt ¦ nē sagittīs vulnerentur. │ All the soldiers flee ¦ so that they may not be wounded by arrows.

Tantus est clāmor ¦ ut verba senātōris vix audiantur. │ The shouting is so great ¦ that the senator’s words are scarcely heard.

[iii] Examples of other forms are rarer, but here are a few from the authors:

(1) Nunc prius praecaveō sciēns sumque ōrnāta ita ut aegra videar, quasi puerperiō cubem (Plautus) │ Now, first, I take precautions deliberately, and I am made up in such a way that I may appear ill, as though I were lying in bed from childbirth.

(2) Numquid accidere tibi, sī damnāris, potest dūrius quam ut mittāris in exilium, ut dūcāris in carcerem? (Seneca) │ Can anything harsher happen to you, if you were to be condemned, than that you be sent into exile, than that you be led into prison?

(3) Finge aliquid saltem commodē ut nē plānē videāris id facere quod apertē facis (Cicero) │ At least invent something suitable so that you may not obviously be seen doing what you are openly doing.

(4) Quō mihi ācrius adnītundum est, utī neque vōs capiāminī et illī frūstrā sint (Sallust) │ For which reason I must strive the more vigorously, so that neither you may be deceived nor they may be disappointed.

(5) Further quotations from Cicero: note that Cicero, although talking about himself alone, frequently uses the 1^st person plural. If you are moving into the literature, then it is useful – gradually – to become familiar with the styles of different authors.

Effice ¦ ut ab omnibus laudēmur et amēmur (Cicero) │ See to it ¦ that we are praised and loved by everyone. [ = that I am praised and loved]

Sed, nē ingrātī … videāmur, hoc omittō (Cicero) │ But about that I will say no more, so that we may not appear / be seen as ungrateful [= that I may not appear / be seen as]

Libente mē vērō, ut aliquid aliquandō dē doctrīnae studiīs admoneāmur (Cicero) │ Indeed, I gladly welcome being occasionally reminded about the studies of learning [literally: Indeed, gladly on my part, in order that we may at some point be reminded [= Cicero: I may …]