[1] Chesnutt’s vocabulary lists the fourth principal part as the perfect passive participle:
afficiō, -ere, afficī, affectus: to afflict, trouble, weaken
dēpōnō, -ere, dēposuī, dēpositus: to put aside, lay down
incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptus: to begin, undertake
intellegō, -ere, intellēxī, intellectus: to understand
iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussus: to order, bid
reddō, -ere, reddidī, redditus: to give again, give back, return
[2] However, not all verbs in Latin have a perfect passive participle in which case (and mostly) the fourth principal part is listed either as the supine:
https://adckl2.blogspot.com/2025/06/level-3-supine-1.html
or, as in this text, the future active participle:
https://adckl2.blogspot.com/2025/06/level-3-grammar-of-things-to-come-dies.html
eō, īre, iī/īvī, itūrus: to go
adeō, adīre, adiī, aditūrus: to come near, approach; visit
exeō, -īre, exiī, exitūrus: to go out, withdraw, depart
subeō, -īre, subiī, subitūrus: to go under, undergo, suffer
The conjugation of eō, īre and its compounds has been discussed several times before; the link to all the main posts is here:
https://mega.nz/file/SZ0HHKqS#xRaNKtCcyzJqX-Jm332y_PxMtYcJng2Z5ubNrOo_xCQ
Some verbs, comparatively very few, are without certain principal parts, for example:
incolō, -ere, incoluī, ---, to inhabit, dwell
[3] Take careful note of the forms, (fussy) spelling and varied meanings of ferō, ferre and its compounds since a series of posts will be looking at these in detail.
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus: to bear, bring, carry
afferrō, afferre, at¦tulī, al¦lātus: to bring to, convey
cōnfere, cōnferre, contulī, collātus: to collect, gather
A point to note is that the verbs can refer to a literal / physical action or to an abtract / figurative idea, for example:
differō, differre, distulī, dīlātus: [i] to carry away; [ii] differ
inter sē differre: to differ from one another
īnferō, īnferre, intulī, illātus: to bring in
bellum īnferre: to make war
This is particularly the case with ferō, ferre, and a series of posts will examine the differences in greater detail.
