LINK: 04.05.24: review; birthday plans [7] notes: other points (iii); demonstrative adjectives and pronouns [1]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/04.html
Unlike English, Latin does not have a single, dedicated group of words that function as he, she, it, them etc. There are four sets of words which can act as the equivalent of the English 3rd person pronouns and are usually referred to under the general heading of demonstratives. In this post we will look at three of them:
[i] hic, haec, hoc [image #1]
[a] as a demonstrative adjective describing a noun
hic vir │ this man; hī discipulī │ these pupils
[b] as a demonstrative pronoun meaning this (man, woman, thing) or these (men, women, things) or, simply, as he, she, it, they etc.
hic est vir fortis │ this / he is a brave man; hī sunt discipulī diligentēs │ these / they are hard-working pupils
LINKS
(1) 20.02.24 agreement; hic, haec, hoc [1]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/20_10.html
(2) 20.02.24: practice using hic, haec, hoc
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/read-notes-again-in-previous-post-and.html
(3) 20.02.24: hic, haec, hoc [2]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/hic-haec-hoc-2-hic-haec-hoc-can-also-be.html
(3) 20.02.24: hic, haec, hoc [3]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/hic-haec-hoc-3-these-three-words-can.html
[ii] ille, illa, illud [image #2]
LINK: 27.03.24: ille, illa, illud
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/270324-ille-illa-illud.html
[a] as a demonstrative adjective describing a noun
ille vir │ that man; illī discipulī │ those pupils
[b] as a demonstrative pronoun meaning that (man, woman, thing) or those (men, women, things) or, simply, as he, she, it, they etc.
ille dīxit │ that (man) / he said; illī dīxērunt │ those (people) / they said
At illī dīxērunt: Domine, ecce duo gladiī hīc*. At ille dīxit eīs: Satis est. (Vulgate) │ And they said: “Look, Master, there are two swords here.” And he said to them: “That is enough.”
*Note hīc – with long /ī/ - which means ‘here’ i.e. it has a different meaning from hic with short /i/.
The broad difference between [i] and [ii] above is whether the speaker is referring to someone / something [a] close or [b] further away:
[i] Quis est hic? Who is this?
[ii] Quis est ille? Who is that?
ille and hic and can also be used to distinguish between two (groups of) people in a similar way to English ‘the former’ and ‘the latter’ i.e. the sentence refers to the two groups of supporters of Remus and Romulus respectively:
Level 3; Kings of Rome [2]; the new city; the omens; the slaying of Remus
https://adckl2.blogspot.com/2025/05/level-3-kings-of-rome-2-new-city-omens.html
Deōs igitur auguriō cōnsulunt. … Priōrī [i] Remō signum venit; cui sex vulturēs cito appārent. Hōc nūntiātiō, duodecim [ii] Rōmulō sēsē ostendunt. Utrumque rēgem suī comitēs salūtāvērunt. Tempore enim [i] illī, [ii] hī numerō avium rēgnum sibi vindicābant.
Therefore, they consulted the gods by means of an augur. A sign came first to [i] Remus, and six vultures quickly appeared to him. After this had been announced, twelve showed themselves to [ii] Romulus. The groups of supporters each greeted their king, for [i] the former (i.e. the supporters of Remus) laid claim to the kingdom based upon (priority of) time, [ii] the latter (i.e. the supporters of Romulus) on the number of birds.
LINKS to [i] and [ii]
(1) 04.05.24: review; birthday plans [7] notes: other points (iii); demonstrative adjectives and pronouns [1]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/04.html
(2) 04.05.24: review; birthday plans [8] notes: other points (iv); demonstrative adjectives and pronouns [2] Examples of ille from the authors
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/040524-review-birthday-plans-8-notes.html
[iii] iste, ista, istud [image #3]
LINK: 04.05.24: review; birthday plans [9] notes: other points (iv); demonstratives and pronouns [3]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/040524-review-birthday-plans-9-notes.htm
While the distinctions between [i] and [ii] are generally obvious, there is no clear-cut equivalent of iste etc.
As with [ii] it can function as a demonstrative adjective [that / those] or as a pronoun [that (man) / he etc.] but refers to someone / something near the person being addressed, or someone / something with which the listener is connected (i.e. not necessarily physically present). While it can be translated in the same way as ille, check the context because, in Classical Latin, it is very often used pejoratively i.e. there is negative connotation to its use.
Quid quod adventū tuō ista subsellia vacuēfacta sunt (Cicero)│ What of this, that upon your arrival those benches around you / where you’re sitting were emptied [i.e. Cicero is referring to something near the person being addressed]
Quae est ista praetūra? (Cicero) │ what sort of partnership is that of yours? [referring to something with which the listener is associated]
Quid istud est negōtī? (Plautus) │ What business is that of yours?
Tamen istum condemnētis necesse est (Cicero) │ still you must condemn him / that man [clearly pejorative in the sense that Cicero believes he should be condemned]
Hercle istum dī omnēs perduint (Plautus) │ By Hercules, may all the gods damn that man!
