[1] Nēmō sine aquā diū vīvere potest. │ A) without water │ sine + ablative case: without
Nobody can live a long time without water.
[2] Magnum flūmen per campōs Italiae celerrimē fluit. │ D) very swiftly │ superlative adverb
celerrimus, -a, -um: superlative adjective > celerrimē: superlative adverb; either ‘most quickly’ or, commonly, very quickly
A large river flows very quickly through the fields / plains of Italy.
[3] Difficile est nāvigāre autumnō. B) in the Fall │ ablative of time when
It is difficult to sail in the Fall / Autumn.
[4] Mox hic senātor erit _____. A) cōnsul │ predicate nominative i.e. a noun or adjective which follows the verb ‘to be’ and gives further information about the subject of the sentence i.e. X = Y e.g. this man is a doctor; this man is brave; the noun or adjective is in the nominative case agreeing in gender and number
This senator will soon be a consul.
[5] Vir humilis sē numquam laudat. │C) himself │ reflexive pronoun referring back to the subject
A humble man never praises himself.
[6] Vīsne omnēs populōs esse līberōs? │ D) Do you wish │ irregular verb: velle
Do you wish all people to be free?
[7] Mīlitēs Rōmānī fortiōrēs omnibus hostibus erant. │ A) than all their enemies │ ablative of comparison = Engl. ‘than’
The Roman soldiers were braver than all the enemies.
[8] Ancillae ā dominā laudātae sunt. │ B) were praised │ perfect passive
The maidservants had been praised by the mistress.
[9] Dā mihi vīnum, _____! │B) Rūfe │ vocative case of 2nd declension nouns in -us > -e
Give me wine, Rufus!
[10] Liberīs [dative] ¦ arma habēre ¦ nōn licet. │ D) Children are not permitted to have weapons. │ licet: impersonal verb = it is allowed / permitted and is followed by the dative case i.e. it is not permitted for children to have weapons
[11] Nōlī abīre; tē mēcum manēre volō! │ B) Don’t go away │negative imperative: nōlī(te) + infinitive
Don’t go away; I want you to stay with me!
[13] Medicus amīcum vulnerātum ē proeliō portāvit. │ A) wounded │ perfect passive participle used as an adjective
The doctor carried (his) wounded friend [= his friend who had been wounded] out of the battle.
[13] Multa et mala Troiānīs ā Iūnōne facta sunt. │ B) by Juno │ablative of agent i.e. the person by whom an action is performed
Many evil things were done to the Trojans by Juno.
[14] Equī huius hominis quattuor diēbus vēndentur. │ C) of this man │ declension of hic, haec, hoc
The horses of this man / this man’s horses will be sold within four days.
[15] Quibus dux auxilium dedit? │ C) To whom │ declension of quis? (who?); here: dative plural implying that more than one person was given help.
To whom did the commander give help? / Who did the commander give help to?
[16] Rēgēs, quōrum potestās maxima est, multōs annōs regent. │ C) whose │ declension of quī, quae, quod
Kings, whose power [= the power of whom] is very great, will reign for many years.
Notes: at this level you should be familiar with the specific grammatical terms for different features:
Image #1: question [14] refers to the demonstrative pronoun / adjective hic, haec, hoc (those; these)
Equī huius hominis quattuor diēbus vēndentur. │ The horses of this man will be sold within four days.
Grammar books may refer to hic, haec and hoc either as demonstrative pronouns or demonstrative adjectives, or both terms together. The reason for this is that they serve more than one function:
[i] If they describe a named noun e.g. hic liber (this book) we can say that they are acting as a demonstrative adjective as in the example above.
[ii] If they stand alone i.e. they are in place of a noun then they can be defined as demonstrative pronouns e.g. this (man), this (one) or he; this (woman), she; this (thing), it
In the plural, the same range of translations in [i] and [ii] apply e.g. these (books), these (ones / men / women / things), they
Context will determine the best translation.
Images #2 and #3: questions [15] and [16]
Image #2: question 15 refers to quis / quid? (who / what?) i.e. an interrogative pronoun asking a question
Quibus dux auxilium dedit? │ To whom did the commander give help?
Image #3: question 16 refers to quī / quae / quod (who / which) i.e. a relative pronoun that introduces a relative clause which gives more information about the preceding noun in the main clause
Rēgēs, ¦ quōrum potestās maxima est, ¦ multōs annōs regent. │ Kings, ¦ whose power is very great / the greatest, ¦ will reign for many years.
There is almost no difference in the declensions of both of these:
[i] the interrogative pronoun (quis?) can be masculine or feminine
[ii] the interrogative pronouns in the plural are identical to the relative pronouns
