uterque, meaning ‘both; either of two’ declines like uter with -que, which is indeclinable, added.
Whereas English prefers ‘both’ plus a plural noun e.g. ‘both boys,’ Latin prefers singular i.e. uterque puer: each boy (or, in translation, both boys)
Librōs in utrāque manū portābat. │ He was carrying books in each hand / both hands.
The plural forms of uterque would refer to two separate groups as in examples 8 and 9 below.
[1] Uterque et animō et cōpiīs est parātus. (Caesar) │ Both are prepared in both resolution and forces.
[2] Uterque magnum beneficium dedistis. (Seneca) │ Both (of you) have given great service.
[3] Sex fīliī nōbīs, duae fīliae sunt, utraque iam nūpta. │ We have six sons and two daughters, both already married [ = each (of the two of them)].
[5] Oculōs pāscat uterque suōs (Ovid) │ Let each one feed his own eyes.
[6] Cum uterque utrīque esset exercituī in cōnspectū (Caesar) │ When each (army) was in sight of the other army.
[7] Suās uterque legiōnēs redūcit in castra. (Caesar) │ Each one takes his legions back to the camp.
[8] Prīmō impetū simul utraque cornua, et Numidae et Carthāginiēnsēs, pulsī. (Livy) │The Numidians and Carthaginians on the two wings were routed at the first charge
[9] Utrīque victōriam crūdēliter exercēbant. (Sallust) │ Both [i.e. referring to two parties] cruelly exercised their victory.
[10] Magnī interest Cicerōnī, vel meā potius, vel mehercle utrīusque. │ It is a matter of great importance to Cicero, or rather to me, or, by Hercules to both of us.
Exercise: Complete the Latin sentences with the appropriate form of uterque:
[1] The leaders of both armies rushed together. │ Ducēs ____ exercitūs concurrērunt.
[2] I have lived in both cities. │ In ____ urbe habitāvī.
[3] There is sweet wine in each cup / both cups. │ In ____ pōculō est vīnum dulce.
[4] And so I owe thanks to both learned men. │ Itaque ____ virō doctō grātiam dēbeō.
[5] Both of them leads out an army. │____ eōrum exercitum ēdūcunt. (Caesar)
[6] Both of the children are girls. [i.e. Each (one) of the two children is a girl.] │ ____ līberōrum puella est.
[7] Both animals are horses. [i.e. Each animal (and there are two of them) is a horse.] │ ____ animal equus est.
[8] We will keep the enemy away from each bank / both banks of the river. │ Hostēs _____ rīpā flūminis prohibēbimus.
[9] Such a fierce battle was being fought by each side … │ Tam ācriter ab _____ parte pugnābātur …
[10] They were both excellent men [i.e. each one was excellent] │ _____ optimus erat.
uterque; uterque; utraque; utrāque; utrāque; utrāque; utrīque; utrīusque; utrōque; utrumque
The following sentences all use the plural of uterque because either [i] the noun itself is plural (e.g. castra) or [ii] two groups are being referred to:
[11] in each camp │ in _____ castrīs
[12] The generals on each side (several in number) were famous. │ _____ ducēs clārī fuērunt.
[13] Such was the manner in which the armies on either side [ = of both sides] were drawn up, with a distance of no more than three hundred paces separating them │ Sīc _____ exercitūs īnstrūctī nōn plūs passuum CCC interiectō spatiō (Caesar)
utrīque; utrīsque; utrōrumque
____________________
[1] Ducēs utrīusque exercitūs concurrērunt.
[2] In utrāque urbe habitāvī.
[3] In utrōque pōculō est vīnum dulce.
[4] Itaque utrīque virō doctō grātiam dēbeō.
[5] Uterque eōrum exercitum ēdūcunt. (Caesar)
[6] Utraque līberōrum puella est.
[7] Utrumque animal equus est.
[8] Hostēs utrāque rīpā flūminis prohibēbimus.
[9] Tam ācriter ab utrāque parte pugnābātur …
[10] Uterque optimus erat.
[11] in utrīsque castrīs
[12] utrīque ducēs clārī fuērunt
[13] … utrōrumque exercitūs …
