Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [9]; Anglī et Saxonēs [1]

Inter cēnam nōs puerī “Quis hoc castellum dēlēvit?” inquimus. Et patruus meus “Dē fortūnā castellī nihil cōnstat” inquit; “aetās fortasse mūrōs dēlēvit. Sed vōs mihi respondēte. Cuius nōmen hīc praecipuō honōre habētur?” Aqua haerēbat: nihil habuimus respondēre. Et amita mea “Nōnne memoriā tenētis?” inquit. Tum Lȳdia, quae librum dē historiā Anglicā in manibus nūper habuerat, “Anglī et Saxonēs” inquit “in hunc angulum Cantiī cursum tenuērunt.” Et ille “Vērum est” inquit; “nam annō quadringentēsimō quadrāgēsimō nōnō Hengistus et Horsa ad īnsulam Tanatim, quae tum rēvērā īnsula erat, nāvēs suās applicāvērunt. Locus ipse duo tantum vel tria mīlia passuum ā castellō Rutupīnō iacet.” Tum illa “Nōnne ab angulō Cantiī Anglī nōmen suum habuērunt?” Nōs puerī rīsimus. Sed amita mea “Sīc nūper affirmāvit vir doctus. Atque nōmen ipsum Cantiī nihil aliud significat quam prōmunturium vel angulum.” Tum patruus meus “Sed Tacitus populum Germāniae Īnferiōris commemorat quī nōmen habēbat Anglōrum; pars Suēbōrum erant.” Et Lȳdia “Fortasse in angulō Germāniae habitābant” inquit. Et ille “In paenīnsulā Cimbricā rēvērā habitāsse affirmantur; et duo illa verba ‘angulus’ et ‘Cantium’ Germānica sunt.”

Notes

[1] aqua haerēbat < aqua haeret: literally ‘the water stops’ = I am, we are etc. at a loss; haereō, -ēre [2]: stick

[2] In paenīnsulā Cimbricā rēvērā habitāsse affirmantur. │ They are claimed in fact to have lived on the Cimbrian peninsula.

habitāsse; much more will be said about this in a later post. There are two points, however, to note at the moment:

[1] this is a perfect active infinitive meaning ‘to have done’ (something)

[i] the perfect active infinitive is formed from the perfect stem: habitō, -āre, habitāvī

[ii] Remove the -ī > habitāv-

[iii] add -isse > habitāvisse │ to have lived

See also:

07.02.25: Speaking Latin on Campus (University of Dallas) [7]: notes [iv]; introduction to the accusative-infinitive

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/02/070225-speaking-latin-on-campus_30.html

02.06.25: Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [2]; Britannia Līberāta

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/020625-level-3-sonnenschein-pro-patria.html (note [iv])

31.07.25: Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [7]; Pax Rōmāna [3]; review: passive voice of 1st conjugation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/05/310725-level-3-sonnenschein-pro-patria.html (note [2])

31.08.25: Level 1; readings [18]: Damocles’ sword; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/05/310825-level-1-readings-18-damocles.html

24.08.25: Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [8]; Castellum Rutupīnum [5]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/05/240825-level-3-sonnenschein-pro-patria.html

[2] However, the author deliberately shows you a feature of some Latin verbs that are not confined to this form. It is known as syncopation and, in English, we can equate it with the term ‘contraction’ e.g. he is > he’s i.e. the omission of sounds. This occurs in Latin in a range of forms but common is the loss of -vi-. Therefore, habitāvisse (which is correct) can also appear as habitāsse.

From an earlier post in which the author uses the same perfect active infinitive but with the inclusion of -vi-

15.08.25: Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [8]; Castellum Rutupīnum [3]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/05/150825-level-3-sonnenschein-pro-patria.html

Ex Hiberniā [i] eōs in Calēdoniam [ii] migrāvisse scrīptōrēs historicī affirmant.

> Literally: The historical writers claim [i] them [ii] to have migrated from Ireland to Scotland.

> The historical writers claim ¦ that [i] they [ii] migrated …

See also:

13.07.25: Level 3; the Labours of Hercules; [VIII] the Belt of Hippolyte, Queen of the Amazons; syncopated verb forms; elision; the descent to Hades and the dog Cerberus

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/04/130725-level-3-labours-of-hercules-viii.html

Exercise

This, and further sections of this text, ‘throw’ different tenses at you at the same time. Put the verbs in bold in the text (also listed below) under the appropriate heading; a few examples are given

affirmantur; affirmāvit

applicāvērunt

cōnstat

erant; est; erat; sunt

habēbant; habētur; habuerat; habuērunt; habuimus

haerēbat

iacet

respondēre; respondēte

rīsimus

significat

tenētis; tenuērunt

____________________

present: commemorat …

imperfect: habitābant …

perfect: dēlēvit …

pluperfect:

imperative:

infinitive:

Background

[1] Hengistus and Horsa: Germanic brothers who are supposed to have led the invasion of Britain in the 5^th century, but nowadays considered to be mythical

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa

[2] Cimbrī,-ōrum [2/m/pl]: a people of Northern Germany (Holstein, Jutland, Silesia); cimbricus, -a,-um: Cimbrian

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimbri

Germania in the late 1st century AD; the Cimbri in northern Jutland

[3] Anglo-Saxons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England

https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom/Anglo-Saxon-England

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet

reconstruction of the Sutton Hoo helmet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle

[a collection of chronicles concerning the history of the Anglo-Saxons, dating from the late 9^th century and written in Old English]

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [8]; Castellum Rutupīnum [7]; conversations

Note [i] the words in bold all of which have now been discussed in depth, and [ii] the points with asterisks in the second conversation.

[1] Match the questions in [A] with the answers in [B]

[A]

[i] Quid vōs puerōs inter fēriās maximē dēlectat ?

[ii] Quid, cum Ventae Belgārum eritis, vōs maximē dēlectābit?

[iii] Nōnne scholīs at studiīs dēlectābiminī?

[iv] Num multī?

[v] Magistrīne lūdīs pilārum dēlectantur?

[vi] Num sine scientiā follis volāns geminātur et revocātur?

[B]

• Cum Ventae Belgārum erimus, per hiemem folle, per aestātem pilā dēlectābimur.
• Fortasse nōn multī.
• Inter fēriās lūdō trigōnālī maxima dēlectāmur.
• Magna est scientia follem volantem gemināre et revocāre.
• Nōnnūllī ex magistrīs lūdīs operam dant: nōn sine scientiā pila dextrā laevāque captātur.
• Nōnnūllī ex puerīs scholīs et lībrīs dēlectābuntur, sed nōn omnēs.

[2] Match the answers in [A] with the questions in [B]

[A]

[i] Nōmen eī fuit Antōnīnō Piō.*

[ii] Eī quī illud vāllum aedificāvit nōmen fuit Hadriānō.*

[iii] Hominēs contrā quōs Agricola in Calēdoniā bellāvit Pictī fortasse fuērunt.

[iv] Collibus in quibus victōriam magnam reportāvit nōmen fuit Montī Graupīō.*

[v] Vēra est; nam haec est fōrma nōminis quae in librō Tacitī dē vītā Agricolae stat.

[vi] Nōmen quod nōs hodiernī illīs collibus damus falsum est.

[B]

• Cūr, igitur, nōs hodiernī collēs Grampīōs vocāmus?
• Quī hominēs fuērunt contrā quōs Agricola in Calēdoniā bellāvit ?
• Quid fuit nōmen collibus in quibus victōriam magnam reportāvit?
• Quid fuit nōmen eī quī vallum inter Clōtam et Bodotriam situm aedificāvit ?
• Quis vallum illud magnum aedificāvit, quod inter Luguvallium et Segedūnum situm erat?
• Vērane est haec fōrma nōminis?

*nōmen + the dative case of a specific name

You already know that [i] the dative case + [ii] esse can be used to express possession, and whatever is possessed is in the nominative case:

[i] Mihi [ii] est liber [nominative]│ literally: [i] to me [ii] (there) is a book > I have a book

[ii] Est [i] mihi domī pater │ I have a father at home

[i] Hominī cum deō similitūdō [ii] est. Literally: [i] To Man [ii] (there) is a similarity with God > Man has a likeness to God.

And that structure can be used when giving people’s names:

Nōmen [i] mihi [ii] est Mārcus [nominative] │ [i] To me [ii] (there) is the name Marcus > I have the name Marcus / My name is Marcus

Puerō nōmen est Mārcus [nominative]│ The boy’s name is Marcus

The name of the person is in the nominative case just like any other noun that is ‘owned’. However, in the Sonnenschein text, a feature is used whereby the actual name of the person / thing itself is also in the dative case. Both the nominative and the dative of the name are possible.

Note how the dative case is being used to express the specific name in these examples from the entire text:

(1) [i] Eī … nōmen [ii] fuit Hadriānō [dative]. │ Literally: [i] To him [ii] was the name ¦ Hadrianius > He had the name / his name was Hadrian.

(2) Nōmen [i] eī [ii] fuit ¦ Antōnīnō Piō [dative] │ Literally: [i] To him [ii] was the name ¦ Antoninus Pius > He had the name / his name was Antoninus Pius.

(3) Nōnne [i] tōtī īnsulae nostrae nōmen [ii] est ¦ Britanniae ? │ Literally: Surely [i] to our whole island [ii] there is the name Britannia? > Surely our whole island has the name / is called Britannia?

(4) Portus celeber hīc erat, [i] cui nōmen [ii] erat ¦ Portuī Rutupīnō [dative] │ Literally: There was a famous port here [i] to which [ii] was the name Portus Rutupinus > There was a famous port here which had the name / was called Portus Rutupinus.

(5) [i] Collibus in quibus victōriam magnam reportāvit nōmen [ii] fuit ¦ Montī Graupīō [dative] │ Literally: [i] To the hills … [ii] was the name Mons Graupius > The hills in which he brought back a great victory are called / have the name ¦ Mons Graupius.

From Livy:

(1) Per idem ferē tempus aedēs Matris Magnae Īdaeae dēdicāta est quam deam is P. Cornēlius advectam ex Asiā P. Cornēliō Scīpiōne, ¦ cui posteā Āfricānō [dative] fuit cognōmen, ¦ P. Liciniō cōnsulibus in Palātium ā marī dētulerat.

About the same time a temple was dedicated to the Great Idaean Mother, a goddess whom this same Publius Cornelius, when she came from Asia in the consulship of Publius Cornelius Scipio, ¦ [literally: to whom later was the surname Africanus] > who later had the surname Africanus, ¦ and Publius Licinius, had escorted to the Palatine from the harbour.

(2) [i] Puerō ab inopiā ¦ Egeriō [dative] ¦ [ii] inditum nōmen │ Literally: [i] To the boy [ii] was given the name Egerius from his poverty. > The name Egerius was given the boy from his poverty.

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [8]; Castellum Rutupīnum [6]

Temporibus antīquīs portus celeber hīc erat, cui nōmen erat Portuī Rutupīnō; nāvēs ex Galliā in Britanniam nāvigantēs ad hunc portum plērumque applicābantur. Nam omnium portuum Britannicōrum hic optimus erat. Castellum in lītore portūs stābat. Intrā mūrōs castellī est ārea lāta. In mediā āreā fundāmentum aedificiī antīquī vidēs, quod fōrmam crucis habet. Hodiē "Crux Sānctī Augustīnī" vocātur, sed temporibus Rōmānīs fundāmentum phārī erat, ut cūstōs castellī affirmāvit. Sub hāc cruce est aedificium subterrāneum, quattuor et quadrāgintā passūs longum; quod intrāvimus. Cēreōs in manū tenēbāmus, quōs cūstōs dederat; nam locus obscūrus erat. Ab hōc aedificiō cunīculus, in fōrmam quadrātam excavātus, sub magnam partem āreae pertinet.

Dum per cunīculum ambulāmus, amita mea "Cui erat ūsuī hic cunīculus?" inquit.

Et cūstōs sīc respondet: "Piget mē quod dē ūsū cunīculī nihil affirmāre possum. Ūsuī fortasse erat, sī castellum obsīdēbātur: ecce puteus altus, ex quō aqua praebērī poterat."

Postquam haec spectāvimus, iterum circum mūrōs ambulāvimus. Dum ad dextrum cornū castellī stāmus, patruus meus nōbīs reliquiās amphitheātrī Rōmānī mōnstrāvit, quod nōn procul aberat. Magna multitūdō nummōrum Rōmānōrum in castellō servantur; ex quibus ūnum mihi cūstōs vēnumdedit. Tum cūstōdem valēre iubēmus, et ad cēnam properāmus.

Notes:

[1] Difference in the meaning of quod between the first two extracts, and the third:

[i] In mediā āreā fundāmentum aedificiī antīquī vidēs, quod fōrmam crucis habet │ In the middle of the open area you see the foundation of a building which has the form of a cross.

[ii] Patruus meus nōbīs reliquiās amphitheātrī Rōmānī mōnstrāvit, quod nōn procul aberat. │ My uncle showed us the remains of the Roman amphitheatre which was not far away.

[iii] Piget mē quod dē ūsū cunīculī nihil affirmāre possum. │ It annoys me ¦ that I can state nothing about the use of the tunne; see previous post

[2] Examples of the dative of the relative pronoun:

[i] portus celeber hīc erat, cui nōmen erat Portuī Rutupīnō │ There was a famous port here [literally: to which was the name] > which had the name Portus Rutupinus; note that the name of the port is in the dative case, and that will be explained in the next post with further examples

[ii] Cui erat ūsuī hic cunīculus? │ To whom was this tunnel of use?

[3] Connecting relatives

When we see forms of quī, quae and quod, the immediate translation which comes to mind is ‘who’ or ‘which’; in grammar this is known as a relative pronoun as it is referring back to a person / thing in the same sentence (the antecedent) i.e. they introduce a relative clause.

Tum in [i] silvās [antecedent] ¦ [ii] in quibus leō habitabat [relative clause] ¦ statim iter fēcit. │ Then he immediately travelled into the [i] forests ¦ [ii] in which the lion lived.

[i] Omnēs [antecedent] ¦ [ii] quī eam regiōnem incolēbant [relative clause] ¦ erant laetissimī │[i] Everyone ¦ [ii] who inhabited that region ¦ was very happy.

However, the relative pronouns quī etc. can also start a sentence referring to [a] a specific person or thing in the previous sentence or [b] the entire idea of the previous sentence.

The relative pronoun, therefore, is making a connection with the preceding sentence which is why, in grammar, it is known as a connecting relative.

In this position it is not translated as “who” or “which” but by a pronoun or demonstrative that refers to the antecedent.

(a)

[i] Caesar Rubicōnem trānsiit. [ii] Quī posterā diē adversus Rōmam profectus est. │ [i] Caesar crossed the Rubicon. On the next day [ii] he set out towards Rome.

It is common in translation to connect the two sentences with ‘and’:

Caesar crossed the Rubicon, and he set out towards Rome on the next day.

[i] Ancilla tandem advēnit. [ii] Quam ubi vīdī, laetissimus eram │ [i] The slave girl arrived. When I saw [ii] her, I was very happy, or The slave girl arrived, and when I saw her, I was very happy.

[i] Ille servus effugit. [ii] Quem posteā captum graviter pūnīvī. │ [i] That slave escaped, and afterwards, when he had been caught [ii] I punished him severely.

(b)

In the following examples, the connecting relative does not refer to a specific noun, but to the entire statement made in the preceding sentence:

[i] Canis equum adiūvit. [ii] Quod ubi vīdimus, mīrātī sumus │ The dog helped the horse. When we saw that, we were amazed, i.e. the connecting relative is not referring to the dog or to the horse, but to the whole event.

Similarly:

[i] Mīlitēs nostrī omnēs effūgērunt. [ii] Quod ubi vīdimus, laetissimī erāmus. │ [i] All our soldiers escaped. [ii] When we saw that, we were very happy.

Note in the next example the inclusion of verbīs to indicate that the connecting relative is referring to something that was heard.

[i] Victōria tandem Rōmae relāta est. [ii] Quibus verbīs audītīs omnēs gāvīsī sumus. │ [i] The victory was finally reported in Rome, [ii] and with these words having been heard [= and when these words had been heard, we all rejoiced.

[i] Pȳthia iussit eum ad urbem Tiryntha discēdere et ibi rēgī Eurystheō sēsē committere. │ Pythia commanded him to depart to the city of Tiryns and there commit / entrust himself to Eurystheus.

> [ii] Quae ubi audīvit, Herculēs ad illam urbem statim contendit │ and when he heard these things Hercules immediately hurried to that city.

In the Sonnenschein text, there are examples of this. Most of them could be translated as a relative clause like all the others, but the inclusion of the semi-colon in the text also invites the translation of a connecting relative.

[1] Sub hāc cruce est aedificium subterrāneum, quattuor et quadrāgintā passūs longum; quod intrāvimus.

Beneath this cross is an underground building, 44 yards long, …

The translation could continue as either [i] … which we entered, or [ii] … and we entered it

[2] Magna multitūdō nummōrum Rōmānōrum in castellō servantur; ex quibus ūnum mihi cūstōs vēnumdedit.

A very large number of Roman coins are kept in the castle …

The translation could continue as either [i] … one of which the guard sold to me, or [ii] … and the guard sold one of them to me

From earlier parts of this text:

[a]

… posteā autem ipse aegrōtāvit et Eburācī exspīrāvit. Quō annō quīnquāgintā mīlia Rōmānōrum ā Calēdonibus trucīdāta fuisse narrantur. │ … but afterwards he himself also died in York. And in that year  50,000 Romans are said to have been slaughtered by the Caledonians.

[b]

[1] Et Antōnīnus Pius … alterum vallum in ipsā Calēdoniā … aedificāvit: [2] cui nōmen hodiernum est Graham's Dyke.

[1] And Antoninus Pius built a second rampart in Caledonia itself …

[2] [i] literally: to which the name today is … > … which today has the name …; [ii] … and its name today is … / … and today it has the name …

[c]

[1] Itaque necesse fuit Hadriānō … magnum illud vallum … aedificāre; [2] cuius reliquiae hodiē spectantur.

[1] Therefore, it was necessary for Hadrian to build that large rampart

[2] [i] … the remains of which are seen today; [ii] and its remains are seen today

The key point is to translate the relative pronoun into a grammatically correct English structure i.e. Latin can begin a sentence with the equivalent of ‘which’, whereas English cannot.

He told me he was leaving. *Which* wasn’t true. Latin can express it that way, but it is incorrect in English.

> He told me he was leaving, and it wasn’t true. / He told me he was leaving, which wasn’t true.

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [8]; Castellum Rutupīnum [5]

Sed iam prope fīnem ambulātiōnis nostrae erāmus, cum Alexander "Ecce, Rutupiās videō!" inquit. Et castellum nōn procul aberat.

Amita mea et Lȳdia, quae ante nōs adventāverant, cum nōs vident, "Salvēte!" inquiunt; "gaudēmus quod* ad tempus adestis. Sed nōnne fatīgātī estis?" [*see note]

Et patruus meus sīc respondet: "Bene nōs habēmus. Sed nōs nōn pigēbit hīc paulum sedēre et prandiō nōs recreāre. Hinc castellum in oculīs habēbimus. Vidētisne ruīnās? Ut aetās omnia dēlet!" Illae rīdent; nam rēvērā fatīgātī erāmus.

Castellum Rutupīnum, tertiō saeculō ā Rōmānīs aedificātum, in prōmunturiō lītoris situm est. Hodiē procul ā marī iacet; sed temporibus Rōmānōrum tōtus campus, quī nunc inter castellum et ōram maritimam iacet, pars maris erat.

Post prandium ad castellum ipsum ambulāvimus. Ruīnae praeclārae sunt. Pars mūrōrum lateribus Rōmānīs aedificāta est; sed multīs locīs dēlētī sunt. Mūrus quī ad septentriōnēs spectat quadringentōs quadrāgintā pedēs longus est, vīgintī vel trīgintā pedēs altus. Sed quondam maiōrem altitūdinem habēbat; nam fundāmenta mūrōrum altē sub terrā iacent. In angulīs mūrōrum fundāmenta turrium vidēs.

Notes:

gaudēmus ¦ quod ad tempus adestis │ We rejoice (we’re very happy) ¦ that you are here on time

Be careful with this! The English translation – we rejoice ¦ that you are here – is not an adjectival clause; in this English sentence ‘that’ is not referring to a noun antecedent, but is used to introduce an indirect statement in the same way as it is used in, for example:

He said ¦ that he lived in Rome.

This is touching on a different and extensive topic which was briefly referred to in an earlier post on this text.

Sonnenschein does not explain this, and it could be misleading because, in almost expressions of indirect statement, Latin does not use quod.

Here is the example from earlier parts of the text:

Ex Hiberniā [i] eōs in Calēdoniam [ii] migrāvisse scrīptōrēs historicī affirmant.

> Literally: The historical writers claim [i] them [ii] to have migrated from Ireland to Scotland.

> The historical writers claim ¦ that [i] they [ii] migrated …

i.e. Classical Latin uses an entirely different construction known as the accusative-infinitive which will soon be discussed in detail in later posts.

In Mediaeval Latin quod is used to introduce indirect statements, and in Classical Latin it can be used (as it is here) in very limited circumstances including after expressions of feeling:

Quod scrībis . . . gaudeō. │ I am glad that you write.

Faciō libenter quod eam nōn possum praeterīre. │ I am glad that I cannot pass it by.

It may not be ‘official’, but I differentiate this usage by interpreting quod as meaning ‘because’ e.g. I am glad because you’re writing. [expression of feeling > why do I have that feeling? > because …]

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [8]; Castellum Rutupīnum [4] [iii]; relative clauses: review; links

This text Castellum Rutupīnum gives many examples of relative clauses also known as adjectival clauses e.g.

Antōnīnus Pius, quī post eum prīnceps fuit … │ Antoninus Pius, who was the leader after him …

Septimius Sevērus, quem Rōmānī … prīncipem creāverant … │ Septimus Severus, whom the Romans had chosen as leader …

Before continuing with the text, here are the links that discuss this topic in depth and give general information on subordinate clauses together with some additional information on the terminology used in grammar:

05.07.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [2]: quī, quae, quod

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/050724-level-2-practice-in-reading.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/472961791981761/

10.07.24: Level 2: Sentence structure [1]; terminology (1)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/100724-level-2-sentence-structure-1.html

10.07.24: Level 2: Sentence structure [2]; terminology (2)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/100724-level-2-sentence-structure-2.html

10.07.24: Level 2: Sentence structure [3]; [i] relative / adjectival clauses [ii] relative pronoun [iii] antecedent

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/100724-level-2-sentence-structure-3-i.html

11.07.24: level 2; practice in reading the perfect tense; a First Latin Reader (Vincent) [4]; more on relative clauses and pronouns quī, quae, quod

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/110724-level-2-practice-in-reading.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/474126095198664/

11.07.24: quī, quae, quod: nominative and accusative singular: Power Point

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/110724-qui-quae-quod-nominative-and.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/475360418408565/

14.07.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [5]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/140724-level-2-practice-in-reading.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/478681241409816/

10.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](2): quī, quae, quod; all cases; nominative and accusative plural

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/100824-level-2-practice-in-reading.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/486504703960803/

11.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](3): quī, quae, quod; all cases; genitive and dative cases

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/110824-level-2-practice-in-reading.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/486859747258632/

12.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](4): quī, quae, quod; all cases; ablative case

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/120824-level-2-practice-in-reading.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/489539646990642/

12.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](5): relative pronouns: practice

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/120824-level-2-practice-in-reading_30.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/489540660323874/

23.09.24: Level 1; Maxey [14](2); notes [1]: relative clauses

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/08/230924-level-1-maxey-142-notes-1.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/527349736542966/

27.06.25: Level 3; the Labours of Hercules; [III] Hercules becomes subject to Eurystheus; he strangles the Nemean lion; the connecting relative

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/270625-level-3-labours-of-hercules-iii.html

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [8]; Castellum Rutupīnum [4] [ii]

The Bridgeness slab: a Roman distance slab created about 142 CE that marks a portion of the Antonine Wall built by the Second Legion.

IMP CAES TITO AELIO │ Imp(eratori) Caes(ari) Tito Aelio

HADRI ANTONINO │ Hadri(ano) Antonino

AVG PIO P P LEG ĪĪ │ Aug(usto) Pio P(atri) P(atriae) Leg(io) ĪĪ

AVG PER M P ĪĪĪĪ DCLII │ Aug(usta) Per M(ilia) P(assuum) ĪĪĪĪ DCLII

FEC │ Fec(it)

[i] Imperātōrī Caesarī Titō Aelīō Hadriānō Antōninō Augustō Piō [ii] Patrī ¦ Patriae [iii] Legiō II Augusta [iv] per mīlia passuum IIII DCLII fēcit

[i] For the Emperor Caesar Titus Aelius Antoninus Augustus Pius [ii] Father ¦ of the country / Fatherland [iii] the Second Augustan Legion completed [the wall] [iv] over a distance of 4,652 paces.

D (500) + C (100) + L (50) + II (2)

Notes:

[i] the entire reference to the Emperors’ name is in the dative case since the wall was built for him.

[ii] a nice bit of alliteration: patrī patriae │ for the father of the fatherland

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [8]; Castellum Rutupīnum [4] [i]

Tum Alexander "Calēdonia" inquit "ut spērō, numquam subiecta fuit Rōmānīs: nam maiōrēs meī ex Calēdoniā oriundī sunt." Nōs cachinnāmus.

Et patruus meus "Calēdonēs per quattuor illa saecula saepe rebellāvērunt, et Rōmānōs bellō vexāvērunt. Itaque necesse fuit Hadriānō, quī secundō saeculō post Chrīstum nātum prīnceps Rōmānōrum fuit, magnum illud vallum inter Luguvallium et Pontem Aelium vel Segedūnum aedificāre; cuius reliquiae hodiē spectantur. Et Antōnīnus Pius, quī post eum prīnceps fuit, alterum vallum in ipsā Calēdoniā inter Clōtam et Bodotriam aedificāvit: cui nōmen hodiernum est Graham's Dyke. Initiō tertiī saeculī Septimius Sevērus, quem Rōmānī paucīs annīs ante prīncipem creāverant, maximam expedītiōnem contrā Calēdonēs comparāvit; posteā autem ipse aegrōtāvit et Eburācī exspīrāvit. Quō annō quīnquāgintā mīlia Rōmānōrum ā Calēdonibus trucīdāta fuisse narrantur."

Tum Alexander exclāmat "Euge, optimē! Ō sī sīc omnēs."

Et patruus meus "Tūne, Alexander" inquit "Pictus es?"

Et ille "Scōtus sum" inquit.

Et patruus meus "Sed nōn Celticā orīgine es: nam nōmen tuum et frātris tuī Germānicum est. Pictī et Scōtī illī quī in Calēdoniam migrāvērunt Celtae erant."

Et ille "Nōnne tōtī īnsulae nostrae nōmen est Britanniae? Nōnne omnēs Britannī sumus?"

Et patruus meus "Ita est" inquit; "nōmen Britanniae ā Britannīs oriundum est. Sed nōs ipsī ex multīs et dīversīs nātiōnibus oriundī sumus. Maxima pars Anglōrum et Scōtōrum hodierōrnum Germānicā orīgine sunt."

Tum ego "Parentēs meī" inquam "Celticā orīgine sunt; nam nōmen nostrum Celticum est."

Sed patruus meus "Tū, Antōnī, in Āfricā Merīdiānā nātus es; itaque Āfricānus es!"

Et ego "Āfrica Merīdiāna pars imperiī Britannicī est; itaque Britannus sum."

Et ille "Ita est" inquit; "ubi lībertās, ibi patria est."

Note:

Quīnquāgintā mīlia Rōmānōrum ā Calēdonibus trucīdāta fuisse narrantur. │ 50,000 Romans are said to have been slaughtered by the Caledonians.

Exercises

[1] Find the Latin

1. It was necessary for Hadrian, who was the leader of the Romans …
2. Antonius Pius, who was the leader after him …
3. Septimus Severus, whom the Romans had chosen as leader …
4. And its remains are seen … [literally: (and) the remains of it / which …]
5. And its name today is … / and today it has the name … [literally: (and) the name to it / which is …]
6. And in that year … [literally: (and) in which year]
7. Those Picts and the Scots who migrated …

[2] Translate the following extracts from the text noting in particular the words in bold:

1. nōn Celticā orīgine es
2. Maxima pars Anglōrum et Scōtōrum hodierōrnum Germānicā orīgine sunt.
3. nōmen Britanniae ā Britannīs oriundum est
4. maiōrēs meī ex Calēdoniā oriundī sunt
5. nōs ipsī ex multīs et dīversīs nātiōnibus oriundī sumus
6. posteā autem ipse aegrōtāvit
7. alterum vallum in ipsā Calēdoniā … aedificāvit
8. Calēdonia … numquam subiecta fuit Rōmānīs
9. Nōnne tōtī īnsulae nostrae nōmen est Britanniae?

[3] Identify the case in bold and explain why it is being used:

1. Eburācī exspīrāvit.
2. Tū, Antōnī, in Āfricā Merīdiānā nātus es.
3. Initiō tertiī saeculī
4. paucīs annīs ante

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Wall

By Hadrians_Wall_map.png: Created by NormanEinstein, September 20, 2005derivative work: Talifero (talk) - Hadrians_Wall_map.png, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15121382

Level 3: review; direct questions [10]; translation practice [iii]

1. Quid līberōs parvōs terret?
2. Quandō dabis nautae pecūniam nostram?
3. Quis agrum dīvīsit?
4. Ā quō portae mūrī frāctae sunt?
5. Oppidumne suum mīlitēs mūnient?
6. Cūr / Quam ob rem nōn adestis?
7. Quō modō fulget sōl per nūbēs obscūrās?
8. Quot fābulās vulgō poēta leget?
9. In cuius memoriā hīc aedificābātur rēgnum pācis?
10. Quō nauta vēla dabat?

Level 3: review; direct questions [9]; translation practice [ii]

1. Cui vīnum est?
2. Vēnistisne cum eō?
3. Quālia arma inventa erant?
4. Quot mīlitēs nōlunt pugnāre contrā barbarōs?
5. Quis verba deōrum sacrōrum audīre nōn potest?
6. In quō somniō vīderat locum,
7. In cuius templō erant aurum et pecūnia?
8. Quantōs librōs scrīpserit miser auctor?
9. Cuius mātrem vidēs?
10. Quō* agrum lātum vendidit?

*Ablative of price: for what in the sense of for how much?

Level 3: review; direct questions [8]; translation practice [i]

In this exercise, note [a] interrogative pronouns, and [b] interrogative adjectives being compared:

[1]

[a] Quis hoc scrīpsit?

[b] Quī poēta hoc scrīpsit?

[2]

[a] Quis in culīnā labōrat?

[b] Quae serva in culīnā labōrat?

[3]

[a] Quis in hortō labōrat?

[b] Quī servus in hortō labōrat?

[4]

[a] Quid accidit?

[b] Quod oppidum oppugnātur?

[5]

[a] Quid scrīpsit?

[b] Quod carmen scrīpsit?

[6]

[a] Quem amās?

[b] Quam fēminam amās?

[c] Quem librum tibi dedit?

[7]

[a] Quōcum labōrās?

[b] Cum quō mīlite vēnistī?

22.05.25: Level 3; the Miserere (Gregorio Allegri); St Paul’s Cathedral [2]: notes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wm593SYT-_E&list=RDWm593SYT-_E&start_radio=1

[1] Miserēre meī, Deus, secundum magnam misericordiam tuam │ Have pity on me, O God, according to your great mercy.

[i] misereor, misererī, miseritus sum [2/deponent]: the first topic to be discussed in detail at Level 3; this is a deponent verb, the key point being that it looks passive (misereor) but the meaning is active i.e. to pity, feel pity for, not *to be pitied*; miserere is the command form: Pity me / Feel pity for me ...

[ii] secundum [+ accusative]: according to

[2] Et secundum multitūdinem miserātiōnum tuārum, dēlē inīquitātem meam. │ And according to the multitude of your tender mercies ‘destroy’ / put an end to / remove my wickedness.

[iii] inīquitās, -tātis [3/f]: iniquity, sin, wickedness; can also refer (not here) to ‘unfairness’ or ‘injustice’

[iv] miserātiō, -iōnis [3/f]: compassion

[3] Amplius lavā mē ab inīquitāte meā: et ā peccātō meō mundā mē. │ Wash me yet more from my wickedness, and cleanse me from my sin.

[v] amplius: comparative adverb

[vi] mundō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: cleanse; clean

[4] Quoniam inīquitātem meam ego cognōscō: et peccātum meum contrā mē est semper. │ Since I know my wickedness: and my sin is always before me.

[vii] contrā: (here) ‘facing’ rather than ‘against’

[5] Tibi sōlī peccāvī, et malum cōram tē fēcī: … │To you (against you) alone I sinned, and have done evil before you / in your presence …

[viii] sōlus, -a, -um: only, alone

[ix] cōram [+ ablative]: before, in the presence of

[x] … ut [a] iustificēris in sermōnibus tuīs, et [b] vincās cum iūdicāris. │… that [a] you may be justified in your words, and [b] may overcome when you are judged

[a] and [b] are subjunctive forms; again, another topic to be discussed (at length) at Level 3. What is useful at this stage is to “pick up” some of the many uses of the subjunctive rather than diving in at the deep end and being concerned by endings. The key word to look out for in this type of subjunctive is ut: below are two of its common uses.

It can express:

1. the purpose of an action:

Venit ¦ [1] ut eam [2] videat. │ He comes ¦ [1] in order that [2] he may see her [ = he comes to see her]

2. the result of action:

Tam strēnuē labōrat ¦ [1] ut multa [2] perficiat │ He works so actively ¦ [1] that [2] he achieves many things.

Here, however, it is used in a less common and more poetic manner to express a wish.

[6] Ecce, enim in inīquitātibus conceptus sum: et in peccātīs concēpit mē māter mea. │ For behold I was / have been conceived in wickedness; and in sins  my mother conceived me.

[xi] concipiō, -ere, concēpī, conceptus [3-iō]: (here) conceive; active and passive forms used in the same line.

[7] Ecce enim vēritātem dīlēxistī: incerta et occulta sapientiae tuae manifestāstī mihi. │ For, behold, you have loved truth: you have shown clearly to me the uncertain and hidden things of your wisdom

[xii] Something else to look out for when reading original Latin literature is the syncopated form of the verb. ‘Syncopated’ means that one or more sounds are omitted from a verb; the term ‘contraction’ is also used. A common one is the loss of -v- in perfect tense forms, for example:

audīvērunt (they heard) > audiērunt

From the line:

manifestō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: make manifest, show clearly

manifestāvistī: you have clearly shown > manifestāstī

[xiii] incerta et occulta: adjectives acting as nouns i.e. uncertain and hidden (things)

[8] Tunc acceptābis sacrificium iūstitiae oblātiōnēs et holocausta tunc inpōnent super altāre tuum vitulōs. │ Then you shall accept / receive the sacrifice of justice, oblations* and wholly burnt offerings, then they shall lay calves upon your altar.

[xiv] *oblātiō, -iōnis [3/f]: offering; ‘oblations’ is a rather hefty word but it avoids repetition of ‘offerings’

[xv] holocaustum, -ī [2/m]: burnt offering, one completely consumed by fire

[xvi] vitulus, -ī [2/m]: (bull-) calf

Ecclesiastical pronunciation, referring only to the piece performed here:

[1] c+a = ka; c+o = ko; c+u = ku; /c/ is hard [ = /k/] as in Classical Latin

peccavi [pe-ka-vi]; coram [ko-ram]; secundum [se-kun-dum]

[2] c+e = che (as in church); c+i = chi; not as in Classical Latin since /c/ was always = /k/

feci [fe-chi]; ecce [e-che]

[1] and [2] in: conceptus [kon-chep-tus]

[3] v = very: veritātem [ve-ri-ta-tem]; CL: [ue-ri-ta-tem]

[4] cognosco: /gn/ like the Spanish ñ = [ko-nyos-ko]; CL: hard /g/ [kog-nos-ko]

[5] sapientiae tuae: the CL diphthong /ae/ as in Engl. my / eye shifts to an ‘eh’ sound; in Mediaeval manuscripts what was CL /ae/ is often written simply as /e/ to reflect the pronunciation change e.g. puelle rather than CL puellae

https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780190246778/student/church/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri

Level 3; the Miserere (Gregorio Allegri); St Paul’s Cathedral [1]: text and translation

The treble’s voice could shatter glass!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wm593SYT-_E&list=RDWm593SYT-_E&start_radio=1

[1] Miserēre meī, Deus, secundum magnam misericordiam tuam │ Have pity on me, O God, according to your great mercy.

[2] Et secundum multitūdinem miserātiōnum tuārum, dēlē inīquitātem meam. │ And according to the multitude of your tender mercies ‘destroy’ / put an end to / remove my wickedness.

[3] Amplius lavā mē ab inīquitāte meā: et ā peccātō meō mundā mē. │ Wash me yet more from my wickedness, and cleanse me from my sin.

[4] Quoniam inīquitātem meam ego cognōscō: et peccātum meum contrā mē est semper. │ Since I know my wickedness: and my sin is always before me.

[5] Tibi sōlī peccāvī, et malum cōram tē fēcī: … │To you (against you) alone I sinned, and have done evil before you / in your presence …

… ut [a] iustificēris in sermōnibus tuīs, et [b] vincās cum iūdicāris. │… that [a] you may be justified in your words, and [b] may overcome when you are judged

[6] Ecce, enim in inīquitātibus conceptus sum: et in peccātīs concēpit mē māter mea. │ For behold I was / have been conceived in wickedness; and in sins  my mother conceived me.

[7] Ecce enim vēritātem dīlēxistī: incerta et occulta sapientiae tuae manifestāstī mihi. │ For, behold, you have loved truth: you have shown clearly to me the uncertain and hidden things of your wisdom

[8] Tunc acceptābis sacrificium iūstitiae oblātiōnēs et holocausta tunc inpōnent super altāre tuum vitulōs. │ Then you shall accept / receive the sacrifice of justice, oblations* and wholly burnt offerings, then they shall lay calves upon your altar.

Level 3: review; direct questions [7]; interrogative adjectives [ii]

Apart from quī, quae and quod, there are other interrogative adjectives to note:

[1] quot?: how many?; quot is indeclinable

Quot erās annōs gnātus*, quom [ = cum] tē pater ā patriā āvehit? (Plautus) │ How many years old were you when your father took you from your native country?

* archaic: nātus

Quot sunt satis? (Plautus) │ How many are sufficient?

Quotiēns et quot nōminibus ā Syrācūsānīs statuās auferēs? (Cicero) │ How often and for how many individuals will you take statues from the Syracusans?

[2] quotus, -a, -um? is a 1^st / 2^nd declension adjective. It is unusual as it has no specific equivalent in English. The question asks which or what number when referring to a numerical sequence. In English we convey this in different ways, for example:

Which US president was Ronald Reagan? He was the fortieth president.

Similary, we may say “Where did he come in the race?” “He finished third.”

In Latin, it is quotus which expresses this idea:

Quotus imperātor Nerō fuit? Quīntus. │ Which emperor was Nero [i.e. was he the first, second etc.]? The fifth.

The word is used when asking the time since clock time is expressed in Latin using ordinal numbers:

Quota hōra est? Tertia. │ Which hour is it? The third.

Quotā hōrā? │ At what time?

[3] quantus, -a, -um?: how big / large?

Quantus est exercitus Caesaris? │ How large is Caesar’s army?

Quantī eam emit? (Plautus) │ For how much did he buy her?

[4] Both quot and quantus can be used as exclamations:

Quot quantāsque virtūtēs ... collēgit et miscuit! (Pliny the Elder) │ How many and how great virtues he acquired and mixed!

[5] quālis, -e?: what kind / sort of?; a 3^rd declension adjective:

Quālis est tibi liber? │ What sort of book do you have?

Quālēs sunt eī librī? │ What sort of books does he have?

[6] uter, utra, utrum?: Which (of two)?

This interrogative adjective was discussed in detail here together with many examples and exercises.

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/04/250725-level-3-pronominal-adjectives-6.html

Uter igitur est divitior? (Cicero) │ Which (of the two) is wealthier?

Utra lex antiquior? (Quintilianus) │ Which law (of the two laws) (is)

Utrum librum vīs? │ Which book [i.e. which of the two books] do you want?

Translation practice:

1. Cum quālibus comitibus iter faciēs?
2. Hoc mihi dēdit, sed ... post quot labōrēs?
3. Immō vērō quantus exercitus!
4. Quālī virō Cloēlia nūbet?
5. Quot annōs nātus / nāta es?
6. Quālēs amīcōs habēs?
7. Uter est pēs dextra?
8. Quālia sunt haec dōna?
9. Quot oppida in Syriā, quot in Macedoniā dēvorāta sunt!
10. Quālis homō es?
11. Utra est manus sinistra?
12. Quot estis?
13. Quot librōs scrīpsit?
14. Utrī potentiōrēs sunt? Rōmānī aut Carthāginiēnsēs?
15. Quot mīlitēs pugnāvērunt?
16. Quot ovēs sunt in agrīs?

Level 3: review; direct questions [6]; interrogative adjectives [i]

The interrogative adjective translates as which? what? what kind of?

In general, adjectives have the function of narrowing the field of reference, for example:

I really like that car? > Which car? > The blue one.

Therefore, interrogative adjectives refer to known nouns but ask to specify which noun:

Which car did you buy? What kind of music do you like?

There is very little distinction between the interrogative adjectives and the interrogative pronouns in the previous post except that:

[i] the interrogative adjective has all three genders in the singular which is logical because the adjective has to be able to agree with nouns of all three genders.

[ii] the neuter singular (nominative and accusative) is quod and not quid.

In the plural, the interrogative adjectives and pronouns are identical.

NOMINATIVE

Quī vir mē vocat? │ Which / what kind of man is calling me?

Quae bella gerunt? │ What sort of wars do they wage?

GENITIVE

Cuius fēminae domus est? │ Literally: Of which woman is the house? [ = Which woman does the house belong to?]

Dē factīs quōrum hominum fābulam nārrās? │ Which / whose men’s deeds [ = the deeds of which men] are you telling a story about?

DATIVE

Cui puerō / puellae dōnum dedistī? │ To which boy / girl did you give a gift?

Quibus magistrīs librum lēgit? │ To which teachers did s/he read a book?

ACCUSATIVE

Quod oppidum vidēs? │ What town do you see?

Quōs mīlitēs vocat rēx? │ Which / what soldiers is the king calling?

ABLATIVE

1. In quō locō urbs erit? │ In what place will the city be?
2. Dē quibus librīs loqueris? │ What / which books are you talking about?
3. Translation practice:
4. Quī homō vocat?
5. Quem virum amās?
6. Quod templum vidēs
7. Quōs librōs lēgistī?
8. In quibus oppidīs vīxistis?
9. Quod animal in agrō erat?
10. Cum quā fēmina ambulābat?
11. Quibus tēlīs cōpiae nostrae eguērunt?
12. Quae prōvinciae ā Rōmānīs occupātae sunt?
13. Cuius scūtum habēs?
14. Quibus virīs deī favēbunt?
15. Quī virī castra pōnunt?