Level 3: review; 2014 ACL/NJCL NATIONAL LATIN EXAM LATIN II [iii]: questions (12) – (18); answers; notes; links

Questions [12] – [18]

12. B; 13. D; 14. A; 15. B; 16. D; 17. C; 18. C

[12] B: Herculēs duodecim labōrēs cōnfēcisse dīcitur. │ B) to have accomplished; indirect statement; perfect active infinitive

12.01.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [9]; the perfect active infinitive [i]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/11/120126-level-3-indirect-statement.html

15.01.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [10]; the perfect active infinitive [ii]; reading

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/11/150126-level-3-indirect-statement.html

18.01.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [11]; the perfect active infinitive [iii]; practice (1)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/11/180126-level-3-indirect-statement.html

21.01.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [12]; the perfect active infinitive [iv]; practice (2)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/11/210126-level-3-indirect-statement.html

[13] D: Midās nūntiat ¦ (1) sē (2) cupere plūs aurī. │D)  Midas announces ¦ (1) that he [sē: reflexive pronoun i.e. referring to himself] (2) desires more gold [present active infinitive]; indirect statement; present active infinitive

17.12.25: Level 3: indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/09/171225-level-3-indirect-statement.html

20.12.25: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [2]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/10/201225-level-3-indirect-statement.html

23.12.25: Level 3: indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [3]; predicative nominative > accusative

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/10/231225-level-3-indirect-statement.html

26.12.25: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [4]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/10/261225-level-3-indirect-statement.html

31.12.25: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [5]; the present active infinitive

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/10/311225-level-3-indirect-statement.html

03.01.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [6]; practice

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/10/030126-level-3-indirect-statement.html

[14] A: prīmus, secundus, tertius, _____. │ A) quārtus; ordinal numbers

02.10.24: Level 2; Ordinal numbers – all forms [1]; 1st - 19th

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/08/021024-level-2-ordinal-numbers-all.html

[15] B: Pater meus est (1) altior (2) tuō [ablative]! │ B) (1) taller (2) than yours; (1) comparison of  adjectives (2) object of comparison with the ablative case

04.11.24: level 2; degrees of comparison [2]; comparative in -ior, -ius (1); 1st / 2nd declension adjectives

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/041124-level-2-degrees-of-comparison-2.html

08.11.24: level 2; degrees of comparison [3]; comparative in -ior, -ius (2); comparative of 3rd declension adjectives; magis + adjective

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/081124-level-2-degrees-of-comparison-3.html

08.11.24: level 2; degrees of comparison [4]; comparative in -ior, -ius (3)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/081124-level-2-degrees-of-comparison-4.html

12.11.24: level 2; degrees of comparison [6]; object of comparison (1)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/121124-level-2-degrees-of-comparison-6.html

11.06.25; Level 3;  summary of of the uses of the ablative case [12]: [i] the ablative of the object of comparison [ii] the ablative of the degree of difference

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/110623-level-3-summary-of-of-uses-of.html

[16] D: Magistra superba dīcit discipulōs omnia scītūrōs esse. │ D) will know; indirect statement; future active infinitive

Magistra superba dīcit ¦ (1) discipulōs [accusative] omnia (2) scītūrōs esse [future active infinitive]. │ The arrogant teacher says ¦ (1) that the pupils (2) will / are going to know everything

02.02.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [18]; future active infinitive

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/11/020226-level-3-indirect-statement.html

02.02.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [19]; future active infinitive: practice (1)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/11/020226-level-3-indirect-statement_14.html

05.02.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [20]; future active infinitive: practice (2)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/11/050226-level-3-indirect-statement.html

[17] C: Fēmina, _____ porcum dederam, cum eō per viās ambulāvit. │ C) cui; the lady to whom [indirect object; dative case] I had given the pig …; see Question [7] in the previous post; declension of quī, quae, quod

[18] C: "Tibi grātiās agō!" │ C) "Thank you!"

Level 3: review; 2014 ACL/NJCL NATIONAL LATIN EXAM LATIN II [ii]: questions (1) – (11); answers; notes; links

What does this level of the examination expect you to know? Below are [i] the concepts that are tested together with [ii] links to certain topics that you may want to look at again. There is a lot of additional information and so, in this post, we’ll look at questions [1] – [11], and questions [12] – [18] in the following post.

Questions [1] – [11]

1. A; 2. C; 3. D; 4. B; 5. C; 6. C; 7. A; 8. A; 9. C; 10. B; 11. D

[1] A: Epistulae semper ad mātrem meam mittuntur. │ A) are sent; passive voice

Note that Question [1] and Question [6] also test on identifying subtle differences between verb endings:

[Q1]: mittunt │  they send > mittuntur │  they are sent

[Q6]: agent │  they will do > Omnia … agentur │ all these things … will be done

passive agent: Omnia ā nōbīs simul agentur │ all these things will be done by us at the same time

[2] C: Mīlitēs vehicula trāns _____ mōvērunt. │ C) pontem; preposition + accusative case

[3] D: Necesse est discipulīs dīligentius studēre. │ D) more diligently; comparison of adverbs

10.12.24: level 2; degrees of comparison [20]; comparative and superlative of adverbs [1] comparative adverbs

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/101224-level-2-degrees-of-comparison-20.html

[4] B: Incolae huius īnsulae cēnam dēvorant! │ B) of this; declension of hic, haec, hoc

02.11.25: Level 3 (review); demonstratives [1]; 3rd person pronouns [i] hic / ille / iste

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/08/021125-level-3-review-demonstratives-1.html

[5] C: (1) Fīliī (2) imperātōris (3) fortiter in bellō pugnāvērunt. │ C) (1) The sons (2) of the general fought (3) bravely in the war; (1) and (2) case recognition (3) recognition of adverbs in -ter

04.09.24: adverbs [2](1); -ē; -ter (1)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/07/040924-adverbs-2-e-ter-1.html

04.09.24: adverbs [2](2); -ē; -ter (2)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/07/040924-adverbs-2-e-ter-2.html

04.09.24: adverbs [2](3); -ē; -ter (3)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/07/040924-adverbs-23.html

07.09.24: adverbs [2](4); -ē; -ter (4)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/08/070924-adverbs-24-e-ter-4.html

07.09.24: adverbs [2](5); -ē; -ter (5)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/08/070924-adverbs-25-e-ter-5.html

[6] C: Omnia (1) ā nōbīs simul (2) agentur. │ C) will be done; (1) passive agent (2) passive voice; see Question [1] above

[7] A: Quibus¦cum ad lūdōs ībitis? │ A) With whom; declension of quī, quae, quod

10.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](2): quī, quae, quod; all cases; nominative and accusative plural

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/100824-level-2-practice-in-reading.html

11.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](3): quī, quae, quod; all cases; genitive and dative cases

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/110824-level-2-practice-in-reading.html

12.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](4): quī, quae, quod; all cases; ablative case

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/120824-level-2-practice-in-reading.html

12.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](5): relative pronouns: practice

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/120824-level-2-practice-in-reading_30.html

[8] A: Pīrātae, _____, magnam nāvem capere volunt. │  A) virī scelestī; nouns in apposition (i.e. taking the same case) [Q8: Pīrātae (nominative plural), virī scelestī (nominative plural), ...]

[9] C: Spectatōrēs athlētae fugientī clāmāvērunt, "Curre celerius!" │ C) fleeing; present active participle

[10] B: Aut discite aut discēdite! │ B) Either...or …; correlative

[11] D: Placetne tibi hoc? │ D) Is this pleasing to you? [= Do you like this?] ; impersonal verb

Level 3: review; 2014 ACL/NJCL NATIONAL LATIN EXAM LATIN II [i]: questions (1) – (18)

I have mentioned the US National Latin Examination in a few previous posts:

https://www.nle.org/

https://www.nle.org/previous-exams-and-answer-keys

When I was learning the language, I used these examinations – which have levels clearly indicated – as a way of:

[i] understanding progression i.e. what does the NLE expect a student to know at a certain stage? I also partly used these as a guide to structuring the posts in the group.

[ii] measuring your own progress; what can you do and what do you need to review?

This post contains all the language questions from the 2014 Level II examination; in the next post – which is lengthy – what is expected is highlighted and I have included some links to certain aspects which you may want to review.

[1] Epistulae semper ad mātrem meam mittuntur. 

A) are sent B) will be sent C) were sent D) had been sent

[2] Mīlitēs vehicula trāns _____ mōvērunt. 

A) pōns B) pontis C) pontem D) ponte

[3] Necesse est discipulīs dīligentius studēre.

 A) very diligently B) so diligent C) most diligent D) more diligently

[4] Incolae huius īnsulae cēnam dēvorant! 

A) these B) of this C) for this D) to these

[5] Fīliī imperātōris fortiter in bellō pugnāvērunt. 

A) The brave sons of the general fought in the war. 

B) The sons of the brave general fought in the war. 

C) The sons of the general fought bravely in the war. 

D) The general fought bravely in the war with his sons.

[6] Omnia ā nōbīs simul agentur. 

A) has been done B) must be done C) will be done D) had been done

[7] Quibuscum ad lūdōs ībitis? 

A) With whom B) Whose C) To whom D) From whom

[8] Pīrātae, _____, magnam nāvem capere volunt. 

A) virī scelestī B) virōs scelestōs C) virum scelestum D) virīs scelestīs

[9] Spectatōrēs athlētae fugientī clāmāvērunt, "Curre celerius!" 

A) about to flee B) they will flee C) fleeing D) she has fled

[10] Aut discite aut discēdite! 

A) Both...and B) Either...or C) If only...then D) Whether...or

[11] Placetne tibi hoc? 

A) Will you be allowed to do this? 

B) Is this necessary for you? 

C) Was this permitted to you? 

D) Is this pleasing to you?

[12] Herculēs duodecim labōrēs cōnfēcisse dīcitur. 

A) to be accomplished B) to have accomplished C) had accomplished D) going to accomplish

[13] Midās nūntiat sē cupere plūs aurī. 

A) that he turns himself to gold 

B) that he is able to have much gold 

C) that he has enough gold 

D) that he desires more gold

[14] Complete the sequence: prīmus, secundus, tertius, _____. 

A) quārtus B) quīntus C) septimus D) decimus

[15] Pater meus est altior tuō! 

A) tallest of all B) taller than yours C) taller than all of you D) too tall

[16] Magistra superba dīcit discipulōs omnia scītūrōs esse. 

A) know B) have known C) were known D) will know

[17] Fēmina, _____ porcum dederam, cum eō per viās ambulāvit. 

A) quae B) quārum C) cui D) quam

[18] The student exclaimed "Tibi grātiās agō!" as the Latin teacher handed him the gold medal.

A) "I can't believe it!" B) "You should be pleased!" C) "Thank you!" D) "I did it for you!"

Level 3: indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [30] Review; the Road to Latin; Unit 44 (6); quick practice

Match the English with the Latin in the wordcloud

[1]

[a]

to carry

to have carried

to be about to carry

to be carried

to have been carried

to be about to be carried

[b]

to see

to have seen

to be about to see

to be seen

to have been seen

to be about to be seen

portātūrum īrī; portāre; portārī; portātūrus esse; portāvisse; portātus esse

vīsūrus esse; vīsus esse; vidēre; vīsum īrī; vidērī; vīdisse

[2]

[a]

to send

to have sent

to be about to send

to be sent

to have been sent

to be about to be sent

[b]

to take

to have taken

to be about to take

to be taken

to have been taken

to be about to be taken

[c]

to hear

to have heard

to be about to hear

to be heard

to have been heard

to be about to be heard

mittī; mittere; missus esse; missūrus esse; missūrum īrī; mīsisse

captus esse; capī; capere; captum īrī; cēpisse; captūrus esse

audītūrus esse; audīre; audītum īrī; audīvisse; audīri; audītus esse

Level 3: indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [29] Review; the Road to Latin; Unit 44 (5); quick practice

Match the Latin and the English. Remember that, in the Latin sentences - which are in pairs - the infinitive doesn’t change (see [i] and [ii] below) but the translation will be dependent upon the tense of the verb that introduces them, for example:

Dīcit sē librum legere. │ He says that he is reading the book.

Dīxit sē librum legere. │ He said that he was reading the book.

[1]

[i] Dīcit hostēs urbem capere.

[ii] Dīxit hostēs urbem capere.

[iii] Dīcit hostēs urbem cēpisse.

[iv] Dīxit hostēs urbem cēpisse.

[v] Dīcit hostēs urbem capturōs esse.

[vi] Dīxit hostēs urbem capturōs esse.

He says that the enemy will / are going to capture the city.

He said that the enemy had captured the city.

He said that the enemy were capturing the city.

He says that the enemy are capturing the city.

He said that the enemy would / were going to capture the city.

He says that the enemy have captured the city.

[2]

[i] Dīcit urbem ab hostibus capī.

[ii] Dīxit urbem ab hostibus capī.

[iii] Dīcit urbem iam captam esse.

[iv] Dīxit urbem iam captam esse / fuisse.

[v] Dīcit urbem mox captum īrī.

[vi] Dīxit urbem mox captum īrī.

He says that the city will soon be / is soon going to be captured.

He says that the city has already been captured.

He said that the city would soon be / is soon going to be captured.

He says that the city is being captured by the enemy.

He said that the city had already been captured.

He said that the city was being captured by the enemy.

Level 2 / 3: Comenius; Celestial Sphere; Vocabulary List (6)

Nouns and adjectives referring to the four seasons:

[i] Spring

vēr, -is [3/n]

vernus, -a, -um

vernālis, -e

[ii] Summer

aestās, aestātis [3/f]

aestivālis, -e

aestīvus, -a, -um

[iii] Autumn

autumnus, -ī [2/m]

autumnus, -a, -um

autumnālis, -e

[iv] Winter

hiems, -is [3/f]

hībernus, -a, -um

hiemālis, -e

brūmālis, -e

Level 2 / 3: Comenius; Celestial Sphere; Vocabulary List (5)

aequātor,-ōris [3/m]: equator

lātitūdō, -inis [3/f]: [i] width; [ii] latitude

longitūdō, -inis [3/f]: [i] length; longitude

hēmisphaerium, -ī [2/n]: hemisphere

polus, -ī [2/m]: pole

polāris, -e: (pertaining to) the poles

antarcticus, -a, -um: southern; antarctic

arcticus, -a, -um: northern; arctic

tropicus, -ī [2/m] Cancrī / Capricornī: tropic of Cancer / Capricorn

Level 3: indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [28] Review; the Road to Latin; Unit 44 (4); Dē Orgetorīge II

Vocabulary

amīcitia, -ae [1/f]: friendship

conciliō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: to secure, win

cōnscīscō, -ere, cōnscīvī, cōnscītus [3]: to decree, determine

• sibi mortem cōnscīscere: to commit suicide

crēdō, -ere, crēdidī, crēditus [3]: to believe

dēcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessūrus [3]: to go away, withdraw

dē vītā dēcēdere: to die

permoveō, -ēre, permōvī, permōtus [2]: to move, influence, induce

sentiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsus [4]: to feel, perceive, realize, experience

supplicium, suppliciī [2/n]: punishment, penalty, distress

• suppliciō afficere: to subject to penalty; punish

DĒ ORGETORĪGE II

Helvetiī hāc ōrātiōne adductī et auctōritāte Orgetorīgis permōtī omnibus cum cōpiīs dē fīnibus suīs exīre cōnstituērunt. Putāvērunt necesse esse cum proximīs cīvitātibus pācem et amīcitiam cōnfirmāre. Orgetorīx ipse ad proximās cīvitātēs iit. Is ad nōbilēs ōrātiōnem habuit et coniūrātiōnem fēcit. Casticus, prīnceps Sēquanōrum, sē rēgnum in cīvitāte suā occupātūrum esse cōnfirmāvit. Dumnorīx, Haeduus, dīxit sē quoque rēgnum in suā cīvitāte obtentūrum esse. Orgetorīx illīs probāvit esse facile haec perficere. Dīxit sē suae cīvitātis imperium obtentūrum esse; tum suīs cōpiīs suōque exercitū illīs rēgna sē conciliātūrum esse cōnfirmāvit. Hī trēs nōbilēs sē prīncipātum tōtīus Galliae obtinēre posse spērāvērunt.

​Brevī tempore Helvētiī intellexērunt Orgetorīgem coniūrātiōnem fēcisse et rēgem fierī sperāre. Crēdidērunt eum esse hostem; itaque cōnstituērunt necesse esse suppliciō eum afficere. Sed paulō post Orgetorīx perterritus dē vītā dēcessit. Omnēs sēnsērunt eum sibi mortem cōnscīvisse.

[1] Comprehension

[i] How did the Helvetians react to Orgetorix’s speech? (3)

[ii] What did they decide to do? (2)

[iii] What did they think was necessary? (3)

[iv] Where did Orgetorix himself go and what did he do there? (3)

[v] What did both Casticus and Dumnorix intend to do? (2)

[vi] What did Orgetorix prove to them? (1)

[vii] What did he say he would do? (3)

[viii] What did the three nobles hope for? (1)

[ix] What did the Helvetians realise? (2)

[x] What did the Helvetians think of Orgetorix, and what did they decide to do? (2)

[xi] When did Orgetorix die and what was his state of mind? (2)

[xii] How had Orgetorix died? (1)

[2] Complete each translation with words or phrases from the list below.

[i] Putāvērunt necesse esse.

They __________ that it __________ necessary.

[ii] Casticus … sē rēgnum in cīvitāte suā occupātūrum esse cōnfirmāvit.

Casticus __________ … that he __________ royal power in his own state.

[iii] Dumnorīx … dīxit sē quoque rēgnum in suā cīvitāte obtentūrum esse.

Dumnorix … __________ that he too __________ royal power in his own state.

[iv] Orgetorīx illīs probāvit esse facile …

Orgetorix __________  to them that __________ easy …

[v] Dīxit sē suae cīvitātis imperium obtentūrum esse.

He said that __________ would obtain control/power over __________  state.

[vi] Tum … illīs rēgna sē conciliātūrum esse cōnfirmāvit.

Then he declared that … he __________ those kingdoms __________.

[vii] Hī trēs nōbilēs sē prīncipātum tōtīus Galliae obtinēre posse spērāvērunt.

These three nobles __________  that __________  __________ obtain the leadership of all Gaul.

[viii] Helvētiī intellexērunt Orgetorīgem coniūrātiōnem fēcisse et rēgem fierī sperāre.

The Helvetians __________ that Orgetorix __________ an alliance and __________ to become king.

[ix] Crēdidērunt eum esse hostem.

They __________  that __________  an enemy.

[x] Itaque cōnstituērunt necesse esse suppliciō eum afficere.

And so they __________  that __________ to subject him to punishment.

[xi] Omnēs sēnsērunt eum sibi mortem cōnscīvisse.

Everyone __________  that he __________.

believed; committed suicide; could; decided; declared; felt; for them; had formed; he; he was; his; hoped; it was; it was necessary; proved; realised; said; they; thought; was; was hoping; would obtain; would secure; would seize

____________________

[1]

[i] (1) influenced (by the speech) and (2) moved (3) by the authority of Orgetorix

[ii] (1) leave their territory (2) with all their forces

[iii] (1) establish peace (2) and friendship (3) with the neighbouring states

[iv] (1) went to the neighbouring states; (2) delivered a speech to the nobles; (3) formed an alliance

[v] (1) hold / seize royal power [ = become kings] (2) in their own states

[vi] easy to accomplish these things

[vii] (1) obtain the command of his own state; (2) secure the kingdoms for them (3) with his own troops (and army)

[viii] leadership of the whole of Gaul

[ix] (1) Orgetorix had formed an conspiracy; (2) was hoping to become king

[x] (1) he was an enemy; (2) punish him

[xi] (1) a little later; (2) terrified

[xii] suicide

Level 2 / 3: Comenius; Celestial Sphere; Vocabulary List (4)

[i] north, northern

(1)

septentriō, -nis [3/m]

septentriōnālis, -e

(2)

aquilō, -nis [3/m]

aquilōnius, -a, -um

(3)

boreās, -ae [1/m]

boreālis, -e

[ii] south, southern

(1)

merīdiēs, -ēī [5/m]

merīdiōnālis, -e

meridiānus, -a, -um

(2)

auster, austrī [2/m]

austrālis, -e

austrīnus, -a, -um

[iii] east, eastern

oriēns, -entis [3/m]

orientālis, -e

[iv] west, western

occidēns, -entis [3/m]

occidentālis, -e

Level 2 / 3: Comenius; Celestial Sphere; Vocabulary List (3)

[i]

aequinoctium, -ī [2/n]: equinox              

• aequinoctiālis, -e: (pertaining to the) equinox; equinoctial

axis, -is [3/m]: axis        

caelum, -ī [2/n]: sky; heaven

• caelestis, -e: heavenly; celestial           

circulus, -ī [2/m]: [i] circle; [ii] orbit

eclīpsis, -is [3/f]: eclipse           

gradus, -ūs [4/m]: [i] step, pace; [ii] degree       

horīzon, -ntis [3/m]: horizon

sōlstitium, -ī [2/n]: solstice      

spatium, -ī [2/n]: [i] space; [ii] distance, space between two points; [iii] period of time

[ii]

orbis, -is [3/m]: [i] circle, ring; [ii] rotation, circuit; [iii] the Earth, often written as:

• orbis terrārum (literally: the circle of lands)

globus, -ī [2/m]: any round object, a sphere, a globe           

sphaera, -ae [1/f]: ball, globe, sphere

tellūs, tellūris [3/f]: [i] earth, ground, soil; [ii] the Earth

[iii]

ortus, -ūs [4/m]: rising (of heavenly bodies)

• ortus sōlis / lūnae: sunrise; moonrise 
• sōl oriēns: rising sun

obitus, -ūs [4/m]: setting; occāsus, -ūs [4/m]: setting

• occāsus sōlis: sunset
• sōl occidēns: setting sun

Level 3: indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [27] Review; the Road to Latin; Unit 44 (3); quick practice

Match the English and the Latin:

[i] He says that the man is coming.

[ii] He says that the man came / has come.

[iii] He said that the man was coming.

[iv] He says that the man will come.

[v] He said that the man had come.

[vi] He said that the man would come.

Dīxit virum ventūrum esse.

Dīxit virum venīre.

Dīcit virum vēnisse.

Dīcit virum venīre.

Dīxit virum vēnisse.

Dīcit virum ventūrum esse.

Level 3: indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [26] Review; the Road to Latin; Unit 44 (2); Dē Orgetorīge I; analysis

[A] (1) "Cīvitās Helvētia, nostra patria, locī nātūrā continētur. (2) Helvētiī undique flūminibus montibusque continentur. (3) Helvētiī, hominēs maximae audāciae, sunt bellī cupidī, sed (4) propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre possunt. (5) Glōria bellī et fortitūdinis quondam fuit maxima sed (6) mox minima erit. (7) Helvētiī sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et lātiōrēs fīnēs petere possunt. (8) Sīc fīnēs sibi magis idōneōs obtinēbunt."

(9) "Rōmānī autem magnam partem Galliae iam superāvērunt. (10) Prīncipātum tōtīus Galliae obtinēre volunt. (11) Rōmānī fortasse ab itinere nōs prohibēre temptābunt. (12) Multae nātiōnēs autem ab Helvētiīs vīctae sunt. (13) Exercitus Rōmānus quidem ab eīs quondam victus est. (14) Sine dubiō cōpiae Helvētiōrum eum iterum vincent."

[B]

(1) Orgetorīx dīcit cīvitātem Helvētiam locī nātūrā continērī. (2) Dēmōnstrat Helvētiōs undique flūminibus et montibus continērī. (3) Cōnfirmat Helvētiōs, hominēs maximae audāciae, bellī esse cupidōs sed (4) propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre posse. (5) Nōbilibus nostrīs nārrat eōrum glōriam bellī et fortitūdinis fuisse maximam sed (6) mox futūram esse minimam. (7) Putat Helvētiōs sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et fīnēs lātiōrēs petere posse; (8) sīc sibi fīnēs magis idōneōs obtentūrōs esse. (9) Dīcit Rōmānōs ipsōs magnam partem Galliae iam superāvisse et (10) prīncipātum tōtīus Galliae obtinēre velle. (11) Putat Rōmānōs fortasse eōs ab itinere prohibēre temptātūrōs esse. (12) Scit autem multās nātiōnēs ab Helvētiīs vīctās esse et (13) exercitum Rōmānum quidem ab eīs quondam vīctum esse. (14) Spērat cōpiās Helvētiōrum Rōmānōs iterum victūrās esse.

(1) Orgetorīx dīcit ¦ cīvitātem Helvētiam locī nātūrā continēri.

(2) Dēmōnstrat ¦ Helvētiōs undique flūminibus et montibus continērī.

(3) Cōnfirmat ¦ Helvētiōs, hominēs maximae audāciae, bellī esse cupidōs sed (4) propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre posse.

(5) Nōbilibus nostrīs nārrat ¦ eōrum glōriam bellī et fortitūdinis fuisse maximam sed (6) mox futūram esse minimam.

(7) Putat ¦ Helvētiōs sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et fīnēs lātiōrēs petere posse; (8) sīc sibi fīnēs magis idōneōs obtentūrōs esse.

(9) Dīcit ¦ Rōmānōs ipsōs magnam partem Galliae iam superāvisse et (10) prīncipātum tōtius Galliae obtinēre velle.

(11) Putat ¦ Rōmānōs fortasse eōs ab itinere prohibēre temptātūrōs esse.

(12) Scit ¦ autem multās nātiōnēs ab Helvētiīs victās esse et (13) exercitum Rōmānum quidem ab eīs quondam victum esse.

(14) Spērat ¦ cōpiās Helvētiōrum Rōmānōs iterum victūrās esse.

Direct statement > Indirect statement

An indirect statement comprises three parts:

(1) the verb that introduces the indirect statement e.g. dīcit (he says)

(2) the subject of the indirect statement in the accusative case

(3) the verb of the indirect statement is changed to an infinitive

[a] with the present active infinitive

[i]

Direct statement

“Helvētiī sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et lātiōrēs finēs petere possunt.”

"The Helvetians are able to leave their own territory without difficulty and seek wider lands."

> Indirect statement

(1) Putat │ (2) Helvētiōs sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs et fīnēs lātiōrēs petere (3) posse

(1) He thinks │ (2) that the Helvetians (3) are able to leave their own territory without difficulty and seek wider lands.

[ii]

Direct statement

“Helvētiī, hominēs maximae audāciae, sunt bellī cupidī, “… sed propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre possunt.”

 “The Helvetians, a people of the greatest boldness, are ¦ eager for war,  but because of their narrow territory, they are not easily able to wage war on their neighbors.”

> Indirect statement

(1) Cōnfirmat │ (2) Helvētiōs, hominēs maximae audāciae, bellī (3) esse ¦ cupidōs,  sed propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre (3) posse.

(1) He affirms │ (2) that the Helvetians, a people of the greatest boldness, (3) are ¦ eager for war, but because of their narrow territory, they are not easily (3) able to wage war on their neighbours.

[iii]

Direct statement

“(Rōmānī) prīncipātum tōtīus Galliae obtinēre volunt.”

“(The Romans) want to obtain supremacy over all of Gaul.”

> Indirect statement

(1) Dīcit │ (2) Rōmānōs ipsōs prīncipātum tōtius Galliae obtinēre (3) velle

(1) He says │ (2) that the Romans themselves (3) want to obtain supremacy over all of Gaul.

[b] with the perfect active infinitive

[i]

Direct statement

“Rōmānī autem magnam partem Galliae iam superāvērunt.”

“But the Romans have already conquered a large part of Gaul.”

> Indirect statement

(1) Dīcit │ (2) Rōmānōs ipsōs magnam partem Galliae iam (3) superāvisse

(1) He says │ (2) that the Romans themselves (3) have already conquered a large part of Gaul.

[ii]

Direct statement

“Glōria bellī et fortitūdinis quondam fuit maxima”

“The glory of war and bravery was the greatest at one time.”

> Indirect statement

Nōbilibus nostrīs │ (1) nārrat  eōrum (2) glōriam bellī et fortitūdinis (3) fuisse maximam

(1) He tells our nobles │ that (2) their glory of war and bravery (3) were the greatest.

[c] with the future active infinitive

[i]

Direct statement

“Glōria bellī et fortitūdinis … mox minima erit.”

“The glory of war and bravery will soon be very little.”

> Indirect statement

Nōbilibus nostrīs (1) nārrat │ (2) glōriam … mox (3) futūram esse minimam

(1) He tells our nobles │ that (2) the glory of war and bravery (3) will soon be very little.

[ii]

Direct statement

“Sine dubiō cōpiae Helvētiōrum eum (exercitum) iterum vincent.”

“Without doubt the troops of the Helvetians will again conquer it (the army).”

> Indirect statement

(1) Spērat │ (2) cōpiās Helvētiōrum Rōmānōs iterum (3) victūrās esse

(1) He hopes │ that (2) the troops of the Helvetians (3) will again conquer the Romans.

[iii]

Direct statement

“Rōmānī fortasse ab itinere nōs prohibēre temptābunt.”

“The Romans will perhaps try to stop us from (our) journey.”

> Indirect statement

(1) Putat │ (2) Rōmānōs fortasse eōs ab itinere prohibēre (3) temptātūrōs esse

(1) He thinks │ that (2) the Romans (3) will perhaps try to prevent them from (their) journey.”

[iv]

Direct statement

“(Helvētiī) sīc fīnēs sibi magis idōneōs obtinēbunt.”

“In this way the Helvetians will obtain territory more suitable for themselves.”

> Indirect statement

(1) Putat │ (2) Helvētiōs … sīc sibi fīnēs magis idōneōs (3) obtentūrōs esse

(1) He thinks │ that, in this way, (2) the Helvetians (3) will obtain territory more suitable for themselves.

[d] with the present passive infinitive

[i]

Direct statement

“Cīvitās Helvētia, nostra patria, loci nātūrā continētur.”       

“The Helvetian state, our homeland, is confined by natural features.”

> Indirect statement

Orgetorīx (1) dīcit │ (2) cīvitātem Helvētiam locī nātūrā (3) continēri

Orgetorix (1) says │ that (2) the Helvetian state (3) is confined by natural features.

[ii]

Direct statement

“Helvētiī undique flūminibus montibusque continentur.”

“The Helvetians are surrounded on all sides by rivers and mountains.”       

> Indirect statement

(1) Dēmōnstrat │ (2) Helvētiōs undique flūminibus et montibus (3) continērī

(1) He shows │ that (2) the Helvetians (3) are surrounded on all sides by rivers and mountains.

[e] with the perfect passive infinitive

[i]

“Multae nātiōnēs autem ab Helvetiīs victae sunt.”

“Many nations, however, have been conquered by the Helvetians.”       

(1) Scit autem │ (2) multās nātiōnēs ab Helvētiīs (3) victās esse …

(1) He knows, however, │ (2) that many nations (3) have been conquered by the Helvetians …

[ii]

“Exercitus Rōmānus quidem ab eīs quondam victus est.”       

“Indeed, the Roman army was once defeated by them.”

(scit) … │ (2) exercitum Rōmānum quidem ab eīs quondam (3) victum esse

(knows) … │ that (2) the Roman army indeed (3) was once defeated by them.