Level 3; DĒ GALLIĀ OMNĪ I; irregular verbs [14]: [ii] eō, īre; ferō, ferre; fiō, fierī; answers

[A]

[i] (1) They are happy to go / willingly go │ libenter eunt; (2) the teacher will tell a story (3) about Caesar │ (2) magister fābulam ¦ (3) dē Caesare (2) nārrābit

[ii] their tutor │ paedagōgus

[iii] (a) F; (b) T; (c) F; (d) F; (e) T; (f) F

[iv] the pupils are (1) attentive / diligent; (2) everything is done / happens very quickly / with great speed; (3) styluses and tablets are soon put down (3) it becomes silent │ In lūdō discipulī sunt (1) dīligentēs et (2) omnia magnā cum celeritāte fīunt. (3) Mox stilī tabellaeque dēpōnuntur et (4) silentium fit.

[B] “Ad multās terrās Caesar iit et multōs annōs cum incolīs eārum terrārum bellum gessit. Ā Galliā Rōmam multa spolia tulit et propter magnās victōriās imperātor factus est. Fortasse vōs quoque, meī discipulī, fīētis magnī ducēs. Tum ad terrās extrēmās ībitis et cum hostibus bellum gerētis. Multa spolia et clārōs obsidēs Rōmam ferētis.”

[C]

[i] (1) For a long time it has already been the custom (2) for (of) pupils of many countries (3) to read the commentaries (4) of the Gallic War (5) written by Caesar himself; (6) they always like [literally: it always pleases them] (7) to read the words of Caesar.

[ii] no: at times difficult, at times easy │ Iam difficile est …; iam facile est

[iii] (1) very happy │ magnum gaudium; (2) the teacher will read a story (3) written by Caesar │ (1) magister fābulam (3) ā Caesare scrīptam (2) leget

[iv] (1) put down their (2) pencils and boards │ (2) stilōs tabellāsque (1) dēpōnere

[v] Many are rather difficult │ multae sententiae sunt difficiliōrēs

[vi] (a) repeat them │ īsdem verbīs reddere [literally: to give back with the same words] (b) don’t need [lierally: will not be necessary] to do the same thing │ Nōn necesse erit vōbīs eadem agere.

[vii] with the greatest / very great attention │ maximā cum dīligentiā

[D]

[i] three parts │ partēs trēs

[ii] inhabitants of Gaul  │  quārum ūnam incolunt …

[iii] language, customs, laws │ Hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt

[iv] rivers │ Garumna flūmen; flūmina Mātrona et Sēquana

[v] (1) The Garumna (Garonne) divides / separates the Gauls (2) from the Aquitanians; (3) the Matrona (Marne) and Sequana (Seine) divide them (4) from the Belgae │ (1) Gallōs ¦ (2) ab Aquītānīs ¦ (1) Garumna flūmen dīvidit; (3) eōs ¦ (4) ā Belgīs ¦ (3) flūmina Mātrona et Sēquana dīvidunt.

[E]

[i]

(he) willingly goes │ libenter it

(they) willingly go │ libenter eunt

Caesar went │ Caesar iit

you (pl.) will go │ ībitis

[ii]

Aulus … brings a helmet │ Aulus galeam … fert

Lucius … brings a shield │ Lūcius scūtum … fert

you (pl.) will bring │ ferētis

The boys … bring │ puerī … ferunt

(he) brought many spoils from Gaul ¦ to Rome │ Ā Galliā Rōmam multa spolia tulit

the weapons which … Marcus brought ¦ from Gaul │ Tēla quae … Mārcus ¦ ā Galliā attulit

they differ from each other │ inter sē differunt

[iii]

It becomes silent │ silentium fit

you (pl.) will become great leaders │ vōs … fīētis magnī ducēs

Everything happens [ = all things are done] with great speed │ omnia magnā cum celeritāte fīunt

(he) became / was made commander │ imperātor factus est

[F]

1. The teacher’s stories also delight him │ Fābulae magistrī eum quoque dēlectant
2. They always like [literally: it always pleases them …] to read Caesar’s words │ Semper eōs iuvat Caesaris verba legere
3. It will be necessary … to pay attention │ Erit necesse … operam dare
4. It will not be necessary for you ¦ to do the same things. │ Nōn necesse erit vōbīs eadem agere
5. It is difficult to understand │ Difficile est … intellegere
6. For a long time it has been [ = it is] the custom for pupils … to read the commentaries … │ Iam diū mōs est discipulōs … commentāriōs … legere
7. The teacher tells [orders / commands] the pupils ¦ to put down the pencils. │ Magister iubet discipulōs stilōs tabellāsque dēpōnere
8. He tells (them) all ¦ to listen to / “take in” the words │ Deinde iubet omnēs … verba accipere

Level 3 DĒ GALLIĀ OMNĪ I; irregular verbs [13]: [ii] eō, īre; ferō, ferre; fīō, fierī; vocabulary; text; questions

Vocabulary

[1]

commentāriī, -ōrum, [2/m/pl]: records, commentaries

institūtum, -ī [2/n]: practice, custom

operam dare: to pay attention; take pains

silentium, silentiī [2/n]:  silence

[2] People and places:

Aquītānī, -ōrum [2/m]: the Aquitanians, inhabited that part of France now called Gascony, in the extreme southwestern corner

Belgae, -ārum [2/m/pl]: the Belgians, occupied a territory much larger than modern Belgium, extending roughly from the Seine to the Rhine and from the English Channel and the North Sea to Rheims and Trier

Gallicus, -a, -um: Gallic, of Gaul

Garumna, -ae [1/m]: the river Garonne

Matrona, -ae [1/f or m]: the river Marne

Sēquana, -ae [1/f or m]: the river Seine

[3]

dēpōnō, -ere, dēposuī, dēpositus: to put aside, lay down

incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptus: to begin, undertake

intellegō, -ere, intellēxī, intellectus: to understand

iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussus: to order, bid

reddō, -ere, reddidī, redditus: to give again, give back, return

[4] īdem, eadem, idem: the same

• eadem agere: to do the same things
• īsdem verbīs reddere: to repeat [literally: to give back with the same words]

link:

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/04/100725-level-3-labours-of-hercules-vii.html

[5] Note: all of these will be discussed after the second section of this text has been completed)

eō, īre, iī/īvī, itūrus: to go

ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus: to bear, bring, carry

afferrō, afferre, at¦tulī, al¦lātus: to bring to, convey

differō, differre, distulī, dīlātus: to carry away; (here): differ

• inter sē differre: to differ from one another

fiō, fierī, factus sum: to be made, be done, happen​

Text and Questions (answers are in the next post)

[A] Lūcius et Aulus hodiē ad lūdum libenter eunt quod magister fābulam dē Caesare nārrābit. Paedagōgus libenter it, nam fābulae magistrī eum quoque dēlectant. Tēla quae frāter Mārcus ā Galliā attulit puerī ad lūdum ferunt; Lūcius scūtum Gallicum fert et Aulus galeam Gallicam fert. In lūdō discipulī sunt dīligentēs et omnia magnā cum celeritāte fīunt. Mox stilī tabellaeque dēpōnuntur et silentium fit. Tum magister incipit:

[i] How do Lucius and Aulus feel about going to school? Why? (3)

[ii] Who is going with them? (1)

[iii] True or False?

(a) Marcus is bringing weapons to the school.

(b) Marcus brought weapons from Gaul.

(c) Marcus brought weapons to Gaul.

(d) Marcus is the boys’ tutor.

(e) Lucius is bringing a shield.

(f) Aulus is bringing a sword.

[iv] “In lūdō discipulī sunt dīligentēs et omnia magnā cum celeritāte fīunt. Mox stilī tabellaeque dēpōnuntur et silentium fit.” How do we know that the pupils are very enthusiastic about what is going to happen? (4)

[B] Complete this section of the text with the verbs listed below. Use the English translation as a guide.

“Caesar went to many lands and waged many wars with the inhabitants of those lands. He brought many spoils from Gaul to Rome and he became [was made] commander on account of the great victories. Perhaps you also, my pupils, will become great leaders. Then you will go to the most distant lands and will wage war with the enemies. You will bring many spoils and famous hostages to Rome.”

 “Ad multās terrās Caesar __________ et multōs annōs cum incolīs eārum terrārum bellum __________. Ā Galliā Rōmam multa spolia __________ et propter magnās victōriās imperātor __________. Fortasse vōs quoque, meī discipulī, __________ magnī ducēs. Tum ad terrās extrēmās __________ et cum hostibus bellum __________. Multa spolia et clārōs obsidēs Rōmam __________.”

factus est; ferētis; fiētis; gerētis; gessit; ībitis; iit; tulit

[C] Iam diū mōs est discipulōs multārum terrārum commentāriōs bellī Gallicī ā Caesare ipsō scrīptōs legere; semper eōs iuvat Caesaris verba legere. Iam difficile est eius sententiās intellegere; iam facile est. Hodiē est magnum gaudium in lūdō Americānō, nam magister fābulam ā Caesare scrīptam leget. Magister iubet discipulōs stilōs tabellāsque dēpōnere. “Erit necesse,” inquit magister, “operam dare, quod multae sententiae sunt difficiliōrēs. In lūdō Rōmānō magister fābulās nārrābit; tum discipulī eās verbīs īsdem reddēbant. Nōn necesse erit vōbīs eadem agere.” Deinde iubet omnēs maximā cum dīligentiā verba accipere et incipit:

[i] Transate: Iam diū mōs est discipulōs multārum terrārum commentāriōs bellī Gallicī ā Caesare ipsō scrīptōs legere; semper eōs iuvat Caesaris verba legere. (8)

[ii] Is it always difficult to read what Caesar writes? (2)

[iii] What is the mood in the American school? Why? (3)

[iv] What does the teacher tell the pupils to do? (2)

[v] What does the teacher say about the sentences? (1)

[vi] (a) What were Roman pupils expected to do when they heard stories, and (b) how is it different for the American pupils? (2)

[vii] How should the pupils listen to what is said? (1)

[D] “Gallia est omnis dīvīsa in partēs trēs; quārum ūnam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquītānī, tertiam Gallī. Hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt. Gallōs ab Aquītānīs Garumna flūmen dīvidit; eōs ā Belgīs flūmina Mātrona et Sēquana dīvidunt.”

[i] How is Gaul divided? (1)

[ii] Who are the Belgae, Aquitanī and Gallī? (1)

[iii] In what ways are they different from each other? (3)

[iv] What are the Garumna, Mātrona and Sēquana? (1)

[v] How do they affect the divisions of Gaul? (4)

[E] The text focuses on three irregular verbs: [i] eō, īre (go) [ii] ferō, ferre (bring), fiō, fīerī (become); find the Latin:

[i]

(he) willingly goes

(they) willingly go

Caesar went

you (pl.) will go

[ii]

(he) brought many spoils from Gaul ¦ to Rome

Aulus … brings a helmet

Lucius … brings a shield

The boys … bring

the weapons which … Marcus brought ¦ from Gaul

they differ from each other

you (pl.) will bring

[iii]

(he) became / was made commander

Everything happens [ = all things are done] with great speed

It becomes silent [ = silence is made]

you (pl.) will become great leaders

[F] In this exercise, find the Latin in the text.  Although this is part of a much broader topic, also, for the moment, note how the phrases and how the infinitives are used.

1. The teacher’s stories also delight him
2. They always like [literally: it always pleases them …] to read Caesar’s words
3. It will be necessary … to pay attention
4. It will not be necessary for you ¦ to do the same things.
5. It is difficult to understand
6. For a long time it has been [ = it is] the custom for pupils … to read the commentaries …
7. The teacher tells [orders / commands] the pupils ¦ to put down the pencils.
8. He tells (them) all ¦ to listen to / “take in” the words

Level 3; Artayctēs [2]

The answers are at the end of the post.

A STRANGE STORY

[C] Complete the Latin text with the phrases listed below. Use English translation as a guide and note the differences in the numbered word order. The answer is at the end of the post.

Such a / the following miracle [i] is said [ii] to have happened [iii] to one [iv] of the guards, [v] while cooking fish [vi] pickled in salt. The fish, [vii] while lying in the fire, [viii] began to jump [viii] as if [ix] (they had been / having been) caught very recently.

[i] __________ tāle prōdigium [ii] __________ [iii] __________ [iv] __________, piscēs sale [vi] __________ [v] __________. Piscēs in igne [vii] __________ īnsilīre [viii] __________ [ix] __________ nūperrimē [x] __________.

accidisse; captī; conditōs; coquentī; dīcitur; ē cūstōdibus; iactentēs; incēpērunt; quasi; ūnī

[D] Complete the English translation with the phrases listed below. The answer is at the end of the post.

[i] Obstupuērunt omnēs: sed Artayctēs, [ii] vīsō prōdigiō, hominī dīxit: "Hospes Athēniēnsis, [iii] nē hoc prōdigium veritus sīs, [iv] nōn enim tibi oblātum est. Hoc ad mē [v] pertinet. Prōtesilāus ipse in hīs piscibus est: mihi etiam dīxit: “Tē, ō Artaycta, pūnīre [vi] possum [vii] ob [viii] ablātās dīvitiās.” Nunc igitur eī dīvitiās restituere [ix] volō: [x] prō pecūniīs ē templō Prōtesilāī [xi] sublātīs, centum talenta dabō: prō mē et fīliīs meīs ducenta talenta Athēniēnsibus [xii] solvam."

Everybody [i] __________, but Artayctes, [ii] __________, said to the man: “Athenian stranger, [iii] __________ this miracle, for [iv] __________ for you. This [v] __________ to me. Protesilaus himself is in these fish: he has also said to me, “[vi] __________ to punish you, O Artayctes, [vii] __________ the riches that [viii] __________.” Now therefore [ix] __________ to restore his wealth to him. [x] __________ the money [xi] __________ from the temple of Protesilaus I shall give a hundred talents; for myself and my sons [xii] __________ two hundred talents to the Athenians.’

do not be afraid of

having seen the miracle

I am able

I am willing

I shall pay

in return for

it has not been shown

on account of

refers / has reference

stolen

that have been taken away

was astonished

Notes:

[i] veritus: scared; from vereor, verērī, veritus sum [2/deponent]

[ii] nē … sīs: this is a subjunctive, a topic soon to be covered in detail in the group. Here it is being used as a type of command i.e. literally: may you not be …; nē hoc prōdigium veritus sīs │ may you not be scared of this miracle = do not be afraid of this miracle

____________________

[C]

[i] Dīcitur tāle prōdigium [ii] accidisse [iii] ūnī [iv] ē cūstōdibus, piscēs sale [vi] conditōs [v] coquentī. Piscēs in igne [vii] iacentēs īnsilīre [viii] incēpērunt [ix] quasi nūperrimē [x] captī.

[D] Everybody [i] was astonished, but Artayctes, [ii] having seen the miracle, said to the man: “Athenian stranger, [iii] do not be afraid of / fear this miracle, for [iv] it has not been shown / exhibited for you. This [v] refers to me. Protesilaus himself is in these fish: he has also said to me, “[vi] I am able to punish you, O Artayctes, [vii] on account of the riches that [viii] have been taken away.” Now therefore [ix] I am willing to restore his wealth to him. [x] In return for the money [xi] stolen from the temple of Protesilaus I shall give a hundred talents; for myself and my sons [xii] I shall pay two hundred talents to the Athenians.’

Level 3 (review); irregular verbs [12]: [i] volō, velle [ii] nōlō, nōlle [iii] mālō, mālle; perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses; practice; pluperfect and future perfect

[A] Pluperfect tense

Complete the English translations with the phrases listed below:

[i] Aequitāte quam sanguine, causā quam armīs retinēre parta maiōribus mālueram. (Livy) │ It was by just dealing rather than by bloodshed, by having a good cause rather than by arms, that __________ to retain what my ancestors had won.

[ii] Māluerat illam Antiochīam appellārī (Pliny the Elder) │ __________ it to be called Antioch

[iii] … quī fūgēre captā urbe quam sē Rōmānīs trādere māluerant (Livy) │ … __________ to flee after the capture of the city rather than to hand themselves over to the Romans

[iv] "Volueram," inquit, "ut quam plurimum tecum essem” (Cicero) │ "__________," he says, "to be with you as much as possible”

[v] Optumē, istuc voluerāmus. (Plautus) │ Very good, __________ that.

[vi] Nōn modo vōs eritis in ōtiō quī semper esse voluerātis (Cicero) │ You not only will enjoy ease, you __________ for it

[vii] Sed rem immātūram … aperīrī nōluerat (Livy) │ But __________ the matter to be divulged prematurely.

[viii] quī modo nōluerās cōnsulis īre comes (Martial) │ ________ lately  to be a comrade of a consul

[ix] … quī coniūrāre et simul capere arma nōluerant (Livy) │ … those _________ to conspire and, at the same time, take up arms

he had not wished; he had preferred; I had preferred; I had wanted [ = I should have liked]; we had wanted; who had always wished; who had preferred; who had refused; you who had refused

[B] Future perfect tense

The future perfect is used to convey an action that, in the speaker’s mind, will have been completed at some point in the future. The future perfect tense of volō, nōlō and mālō are a good example of where the literal translation e.g. “I shall have wanted to reply” or “They will have refused to help” often sounds clumsy and is expressed in a different tense.

Sī voluerō, hoc faciam. │ If I want [literally: if I shall have wanted], I will do this.

Hanc sī audīre volueris, dicet tibi (Seneca the Younger) │ If you wish [literally: if you will have wanted] to hear this (woman) / her,  she will tell you

Complete the Latin with the verbs listed below. Where necessary, both a literal and more fluent translation are provided to emphasise the future perfect nature of the action.

[i] You (sg.) will have wanted to do this. │ Tū hoc facere __________.

[ii] If I do not want (to) [literally: if I shall not have wanted], I shall not reply │ Sī __________, nōn respondēbō (Seneca the Younger)

[iii] We will have preferred to stay at home. │ __________ domī manēre.

[iv] I will give my will to be read to whoever wants [ = will have wanted] (it). │ Dabō meum testāmentum legendum cui __________. (Cicero)

[v] They will have preferred peace to war. │ Illī pācem __________ quam bellum.

[vi] They will have been unwilling to take up arms, but it will be necessary. │ __________ arma capere, sed necesse erit.

[vii] If you go [literally: will have gone] to the forum, you will have preferred to give up rest │ Sī ad forum ieris, __________ quiētem relinquere.

[viii] The students will have wanted to listen to the teacher. │ Discipulī magistrum audīre __________.

[ix] You will not have wanted to help me. │ __________ me adiuvāre.

[x] But if I should want [ = I shall have wanted] to do that, it will not be a letter, but a book. │ Quod sī facere __________, nōn erit epistula, sed līber. (Seneca the Younger)

māluerimus; māluerint; mālueris; nōluerint; nōlueris; nōluerō; voluerint; volueris; voluerit; voluerō

____________________

[A]

[i] It was by just dealing rather than by bloodshed, by having a good cause rather than by arms, that I had preferred to retain what my ancestors had won.

[ii] He had preferred it to be called Antioch.

[iii] … who had preferred to flee after the capture of the city rather than to hand themselves over to the Romans

[iv] “I had wanted / I should have liked” he says, "to be with you as much as possible”

[v] Very good, we had wanted that.

[vi] You not only will enjoy ease, you who had always wished for it

[vii] But he had not wished the matter to be divulged prematurely.

[viii] You who had refused lately to be a comrade of a consul

[ix] those who had refused to conspire and, at the same time, take up arms

[B]

[i] Tū hoc facere volueris.

[ii] Sī nōluerō, nōn respondēbō (Seneca)

[iii] Māluerimus domī manēre.

[iv] Dabō meum testāmentum legendum cui voluerit.

[v] Illī pācem māluerint quam bellum.

[vi] Nōluerint arma capere, sed necesse erit.

[vii] Sī ad forum ieris, mālueris quiētem relinquere.

[viii] Discipulī magistrum audīre voluerint.

[ix] Nōlueris me adiuvāre.

[x] Quod sī facere voluerō, nōn erit epistula, sed līber.

Level 3 (review); irregular verbs [11]: [i] volō, velle [ii] nōlō, nōlle [iii] mālō, mālle; perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses; practice; perfect tense

Each of the following quotations uses perfect tense forms of the three verbs. Every form of the three verbs is used once. Refer to the conjugation tables in the previous post.

[1] volō, velle

[i] Again you (pl.) desired to choose tribunes of the plebs │ Tribūnōs plēbis creāre iterum __________ (Livy)

[ii] At length, as we desired, our troops conquered │ Dēnique, ut __________, nostra superat manus (Plautus)

[iii] Besides, listen to another struggle of his, as well, which he was desirous to enter on. │ Porrō etiam auscultā pugnam quam __________ dare. (Plautus)

[iv] Everything's ready as you requested and as you (sg.) desired │ Omne parātumst*, ut iussistī atque ut __________ (Plautus) [*parātum + est > parātumst]

[v] If the immortal Gods have so willed it that you should undergo this affliction … │ Sī dī immortālēs id __________, vōs hanc aerumnam exsequī … (Plautus)

[vi] Naucrates, whom I wanted to find, was not on board ship │ Naucratem quem convenīre __________, in nāvī nōn erat (Plautus)

[2] nōlō, nōlle

[i] They have not been willing to be condemned │ Condemnārī __________ (Cicero)

[ii] At once he called me back, invited me to dinner; it was a point of conscience, I was unwilling to refuse him. │ revocat mē īlicō, vocat mē ad cēnam; religiō fuit, dēnegāre __________. (Plautus)

[iii] “Because you (pl.) did not want the good king you had, / You must now endure the bad. │ Quia __________ vestrum ferre inquit bonum, / Malum perferte. (Phaedrus)

[iv] Truly, this was it, why my husband didn’t want to go into the country. │Pol hoc est, īre quod rūs meus vir __________. (Plautus)

[v] We have been unwilling to touch them │Eōs attingere __________ (Nepos)

[vi] You (sg.) did not want him to leave you without a reward. │ Hunc abs tē sine praemiō discēdere __________ (Cicero)

[3] mālō, mālle

[i] “Surely, Aulus,” said he, “you are a great trifler when you (sg.) have preferred to apologize for a fault rather than avoid it. │ 'Nē tū,' inquit 'Aule, nimium nūgātor es, cum __________ culpam dēprecārī, quam culpā vacāre’ (Aulus Gellius)

[ii] From Actium I preferred [Note: Cicero, referring to himself, writes ‘we preferred’] to travel by land │ Āctiō __________ iter facere pedibus (Cicero)

[iii] I forgive Philoxenus, who preferred to be taken back to prison. │ Philoxenō ignōscō, quī reducī in carcerem __________. (Cicero)

[iv] I have much preferred to be a slave to you than be the freedman of another. │ Tibi servīre __________ multō, quam aliī lībertus esse. (Plautus)

[v] Yet they preferred to submit their griefs to our laws and tribunals … │ Tamen incommoda sua nostrīs committere lēgibus et iūdiciīs … __________. (Cicero)

[vi] You (pl.) have preferred the honour of a soldier to a victory which was in your hands │ Vōs fidem in bellō quam praesentem victōriam __________ (Livy)

____________________

[1] volō, velle

[i] Tribūnōs plēbis creāre iterum voluistis (Livy)

[ii] Dēnique, ut voluimus, nostra superat manus (Plautus)

[iii] Porrō etiam auscultā pugnam quam voluit dare. (Plautus)

[iv] Omne parātumst, ut iussistī atque ut voluistī (Plautus)

[v] Sī dī immortālēs id voluērunt, vōs hanc aerumnam exsequī … (Plautus)

[vi]  Naucratem quem convenīre voluī, in nāvī nōn erat (Plautus)

[2] nōlō, nōlle

[i] Condemnārī nōluērunt (Cicero)

[ii] revocat mē īlicō, vocat mē ad cēnam; religiō fuit, dēnegāre nōluī. (Plautus)

[iii] Quia nōluistis vestrum ferre inquit bonum, / Malum perferte. (Phaedrus)

[iv] Pol hoc est, īre quod rūs meus vir nōluit. (Plautus)

[v] Eōs attingere nōluimus (Nepos)

[vi] Hunc abs tē sine praemiō discēdere nōluistī (Cicero)

[3] mālō, mālle

[i] 'Nē tū,' inquit 'Aule, nimium nūgātor es, cum māluistī culpam dēprecārī, quam culpā vacāre’ (Aulus Gellius)

[ii] Āctiō māluimus iter facere pedibus (Cicero)

[iii] Philoxenō ignōscō, quī reducī in carcerem māluit. (Cicero)

[iv]  Tibi servīre māluī multō, quam aliī lībertus esse. (Plautus)

[v] Tamen incommoda sua nostrīs committere lēgibus et iūdiciīs … māluērunt. (Cicero)

[vi]  Vōs fidem in bellō quam praesentem victōriam māluistis (Livy)

Level 3: Artayctēs [1]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artayctes

The translations are at the end of the post.

[A] DECEIT AND SACRILEGE (the translations are at the end of the post)

Sēstō ōlim praeerat Artayctēs Persa. Hic Xerxēm Athēnās contendentem dēcēperat, Elaeuntī clam ablātīs Prōtesilāī thēsaurīs. Xerxēm autem dēcēperat hīs verbīs ūsus: "Ō rēx, hīc habitāvit Graecus quīdam. Is ōlim in rēgnum tuum expedītiōnem faciēns interfectus est. Nunc mihi dā, ōrō, huius dīvitiās: ita enim omnēs in tē expedītiōnem facere numquam posteā audēbunt." Itaque Xerxēs dēceptus, Prōtesilāī domum Artayctī trādidit. Hic vērō omnia Elaeuntī ablāta Sēstum sēcum portāvit.

Sēstos, or Sēstus, -ī [2/f]: Sestos, a city in Thrace

Elaeūs, Elaeuntis [3/f]: Elaeus, a city in Thrace

[1] Translate these phrases using the English versions below; each phrase contains two parts

Athēnās ¦ contendentem

ablātīs ¦ thēsaurīs

hīs verbīs ¦ ūsus

in rēgnum tuum ¦ expedītiōnem faciēns

Xerxēs ¦ dēceptus

omnia ¦ Elaeuntī ¦ ablata

against your kingdom

everything taken

from Elaeus

having been deceived

having been carried off

having used

these words

to Athens

while journeying

while making an expedition

with the treasures

Xerxes

Notes:

[1] Hic [i] Xerxēm [ii] Athēnās [i] contendentem dēcēperat

He had deceived [i] Xerxes ¦ [i] who was / while (he was) journeying [ii] to Athens

[2] Hic Xerxēm … dēcēperat, ¦ Elaeuntī clam ablātīs Prōtesilāī thēsaurīs.

He had deceived Xerxes ¦ literally: with the treasures of Protesilaus having been secretly carried off

ablative absolute; the phrase could equally be translated as: “after / once / since the treasures had been secretly carried off”

[3] Xerxēm autem dēcēperat hīs verbīs ūsus │ But he had deceived Xerxes ¦ having used (by using) these words.

ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum [3/deponent]: use; although a deponent verb is passive in form, it is active in meaning i.e. ūsus = having used; the verb is followed by the ablative case

[4] Xerxēs [i] dēceptus, Prōtesilāī domum Artayctī [ii] trādidit

Either: Xerxes, [i] having been deceived, [ii] gave the house of Protesilaus to Artayctes.

Or: Xerxes [i] was deceived, and [ii] gave the house …

The perfect passive participle indicates that Xerxes was first deceived and then something else happened.

[5] Hic vērō omnia Elaeuntī ablāta Sēstum sēcum portāvit. │ But the latter brought with him to Sestus everything [that had been]  taken from Elaeus.

The perfect passive participle of auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātus

[B] VENGEANCE OVERTAKES HIM

Posteā vērō Artaycten ex imprōvīsō adortī Athēniēnsēs, Sēstum diū obsēdērunt. Persae tandem intrā moenia ad angustiās redāctī, fūnibus lectulōrum vescī (see note #2) coāctī sunt. Hīs cōnsūmptīs, Artayctēs noctū cum fīliō in fugam sē recēpit. Mox tamen ab Athēniēnsibus captus, in vinculīs Sēstum iterum ductus est.

Find the Latin:

(he) was led in chains

(they) were compelled to eat

after these had been consumed

having been captured by the athenians

the Persians, having been reduced to extremes

the Athenians, having attacked artayctes

Notes

[1] adortī, from adorior, adorīrī, adortus sum [3-iō/deponent]; although a deponent verb is passive in form, it is active in meaning i.e. adortus = having attacked

[2] vescor, vescī, [no perfect tense] [3/deponent]: to feed; to feed upon something is followed by either the accusative or, here, the ablative: fūnibus lectulōrum vescī │ to eat / feed upon the ropes of (their) hammocks

____________________

[A] Artayctes, a Persian, once was in command of Sestos. He had deceived Xerxes when journeying to Athens, after the treasures of Protesilaus had been secretly carried off from Elaeus. Now he had deceived Xerxes having used these words: ‘O king, a certain Greek used to live here. He was slain a long while ago while making an expedition against your kingdom. Give me now, I pray, his riches; for thus all men will never afterwards dare to make an expedition against you.’ Therefore, Xerxes, having been deceived, gave the house of Protesilaus to Artayctes. But the latter brought with him to Sestus everything taken from Elaeus.

[B] But afterwards the Athenians having attacked Artayctes unawares, besieged Sestos for a long time. The Persians having at length been reduced to extremity within the walls, were compelled to eat the ropes of their hammocks. When these had been consumed, Artayctes, with his son, took flight by night. However, having soon been captured by the Athenians, he was brought again to Sestos in chains.

Level 3 (review); irregular verbs [10]: [i] volō, velle [ii] nōlō, nōlle [iii] mālō, mālle; perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses

volō, velle, [perfect tense] voluī

stem: volu-

nōlō, nolle, [perfect tense] nōluī

stem: volu-

mālō, mālle, [perfect tense] māluī

stem: mālu-

Images #1 - #3: as with any other verb, the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses are formed from the perfect tense stem:

Perfect tense:

voluī: I (have) wanted

Pluperfect tense: [volu- + imperfect tense of esse]

volueram: I had wanted

Future perfect tense: [volu- + future tense of esse; note 3^rd person plural voluerint]

voluerō: I shall have wanted

Level 3 (review); irregular verbs [9]: [i] volō, velle [ii] nōlō, nōlle [iii] mālō, mālle; imperfect and future tenses

Ibi illa multa cum iocōsa fīēbant, / quae tū volēbās nec puella nōlēbat (Catullus) │ There where many playful things took place, which you wanted, nor did the girl refuse (nor was the girl unwilling)

Fortūnam temptāre Galbā nōlēbat (Caesar) │ Galba did not want to tempt Fortune.

Catō esse quam vidērī bonus mālēbat (Sallust) │ Cato preferred to be good rather than seem so

Loquar līberē ¦ quae volam (Plautus) │ I shall speak freely ¦ as I wish [literally: what I shall want]

Images #1 and #2: the three verbs form the imperfect and future tense in the same way as any other 3^rd conjugation verb although the endings are added to an irregular stem:

Imperfect

velle > volēbam, volēbās etc. │ I wanted / was wanting; used to want etc.

nōlle > nōlēbam, nōlēbās etc. │ I did not want / used to be unwilling / was refusing etc.

mālle > mālēbam, mālēbās etc. │ I used to prefer etc.

Future

velle > volam, volēs etc. │ I shall want etc.

nōlle > nōlam, nōlēs etc. │ I shall not want / shall refuse / shall be unwilling etc.

mālle > mālam, mālēs etc. │ I shall prefer etc.

Exercise: Complete the Latin quotation with the verbs listed below each section

[i] Imperfect tense

1. I wanted or rather longed that he should be with me. │  Ego __________ autem vel cupiēbam potius esse eum nōbīscum. (Cicero)
2. And, what you wanted to know, … │ Et, quod tū scīre __________, … (Cicero)
3. I was reluctant that so intimate an acquaintance of yours should come to you [ = I did not want … to come to you] │ hominem tibi tam familiārem … ad tē venīre __________. (Cicero)
4. For you yourself were unwilling to understand │ Nam ipse intellegere __________. (Pliny)
5. You preferred to be what you had been │ __________ quidem hoc esse quod fuerās (Pliny)
6. He wanted to marry her │ Eam in mātrimōnium dūcere __________.
7. He was unwilling for these matters to be discussed │ Eās rēs iactārī __________.
8. She preferred you to come here than (she) go to you │ Tē hūc venīre quam sē ad tē īre __________. (Cicero)
9. For the citizens did not want to have a conversation with him. │ __________ enim cīvēs sermōnem cum eō habēre.
10. The consuls preferred to wage war than make peace │ Cōnsulēs bellum gerere quam pācem facere __________.

mālēbant; mālēbās; mālēbat; nōlēbam; nōlēbant; nōlēbās; nōlēbat; volēbam; volēbās; volēbat

[ii] Future tense

1. If I (will) want anything of you, where will you be? │ Sī quid tē __________, ubi eris? (Plautus)
2. But just as you please [ = as you will wish] │ Sed omnia, ut __________. (Cicero)
3. Understand this one thing, that that which is disagreeable [ = which you will not want] comes much more speedily than that which you wish for. │ sed ūnum hōc scītō: nimiō celerius veniet quod __________ quam illud, quod cupidē petās. (Plautus)
4. But if she is purchased for that certain person who gave you the commission, will he choose (want) it then? If I purchase her for that person who gave me the commission, will he then not choose (not want) it? │ Quid? illī quoidam quī mandāvit tibi sī emētur, tum __________, sī ego emō illī quī mandāvit, tum ille __________? (Plautus)
5. So we shall easily get what we (will) want through him. │ Per eum igitur, quod __________, facile auferēmus. (Cicero)
6. But  if  we  do  not  wish [ = will not wish]  to  use the  Direct  Opening,  we  must  begin  our  speech with  a  law,  a  written  document,  or  some  argument supporting  our  cause. │ Sīn  prīncipiō  utī  __________,  ab  lēge,  ab  scrīptūrā,  aut ab  aliquō  nostrae  causae  adiūmentō  prīncipium  capere oportēbit. (Cicero)
7. You will rather, O judges, retain at home, for yourselves and for your children, a man energetic in undertaking the toils of war │ iūdicēs, virum ad labōrēs bellī impigrum… domī vōbīs ac līberīs vestrīs retinēre __________. (Cicero)
8. The learned, as I said, will prefer to go to the Greeks │ Doctī, ut dīxī, ā Graecīs petere __________ (Cicero)

mālent; mālētis; nōlēmus; nōlēs; nōlet; volam; volēmus; volēs; volet

____________________

[i] Imperfect tense

1. Ego volēbam autem vel cupiēbam potius esse eum nōbīscum. (Cicero)
2. Et, quod tū scīre volēbās, … (Cicero)
3. hominem tibi tam familiārem … ad tē venīre nōlēbam. (Cicero)
4. Nam ipse intellegere nōlēbās. (Pliny)
5. Mālēbās quidem hoc esse quod fuerās (Pliny)
6. Eam in mātrimōnium dūcere volēbat.
7. Eās rēs iactārī nōlēbat.
8. Tē hūc venīre quam sē ad tē īre mālēbat. (Cicero)
9. Nōlēbant enim cīvēs sermōnem cum eō habēre.
10. Cōnsulēs bellum gerere quam pācem facere mālēbant.

[ii] Future tense

1. Sī quid tē volam, ubi eris? (Plautus)
2. Sed omnia, ut volēs. (Cicero)
3. sed ūnum hōc scītō: nimiō celerius veniet quod nōlēs quam illud, quod cupidē petās. (Plautus)
4. Quid? illī quoidam quī mandāvit tibi sī emētur, tum volet, sī ego emō illī quī mandāvit, tum ille nōlet? (Plautus)
5. Per eum igitur, quod volēmus, facile auferēmus. (Cicero)
6. Sīn  prīncipiō  utī  nōlēmus,  ab  lēge,  ab  scrīptūrā,  aut ab  aliquō  nostrae  causae  adiūmentō  prīncipium  capere oportēbit. (Cicero)
7. iūdicēs, virum ad labōrēs bellī impigrum… domī vōbīs ac līberīs vestrīs retinēre mālētis. (Cicero)
8. Doctī, ut dīxī, ā Graecīs petere mālent (Cicero)

Note:

[i] two examples of the imperfect tense used as an epistolary tense which was discussed here:

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/06/011025-level-3-epistolary-tenses-brief.html

https://adckl2.blogspot.com/2025/06/level-3-epistolary-tenses-brief-note.html

Capuae Nōnīs Febr. esse volēbam │ I want [literally: I was wanting] to be at Capua on the 5th of February

deinde Arpīnum volēbāmus │ Then I intend [literally: we were wanting] to go to Arpinum

Cicero describes what he intends to do but uses the imperfect tense since he expresses it from the perspective of the recipient / the reader of the letter. They show, once again, that the epistolary tense is used to refer to events that are happening / going to happen at the time the letter was written i.e. a temporary situation at that point, but, by the time they are read, they are over.

[ii] A further point to note is Cicero’s use (at times) of the first person plural to refer to himself:

deinde Arpīnum volēbāmus │ Then I intend to go to Arpinum

Ego volēbam … esse eum nōbīscum. (Cicero) │ I wanted him to be with me.

Level 3 (review); irregular verbs [8]: [i] volō, velle [ii] nōlō, nōlle [iii] mālō, mālle; present tense

Mē absente nēminem volō intrō mittī (Plautus)│ During my absence, I want nobody to be allowed inside.

Nōlunt discere quī numquam didicērunt (Seneca Iunior) │ Those who never learned do not want to learn.

Īre per hanc nōlī, quisquis es (Ovid) │ Do not go through that (way), whoever you are.

Catō enim ipse iam servīre quam pugnāre māvult (Cicero) │ Cato himself prefers to be a slave rather than to fight.

These three verbs are related to each other:

[i] volō, velle: want

[ii] nōlō, nōlle: not want; be unwilling; refuse [ne- (not)* + volō (want) > nōlō: I don’t want / I refuse]

*compare: sciō (I know) / nesciō (I don’t know)

Note that in the 2^nd and 3^rd person singular, and the 2^nd person plural, the verb does not have its own forms but is merely the negative of velle: nōn vīs, nōn vult, nōn vultis

[iii] mālō, mālle: prefer; want more; [magis (more) + volō (want) > mālō: I prefer; I want more]

Image #1: present tenses

Neither velle nor mālle have imperative forms; nōlle, however, does have imperative forms:

nōlī! (singular); nōlīte! (plural)

These are regularly used to form negative imperatives i.e. Don’t [literally: be unwilling to] do something:

Nōlī mē tangere! │ Don’t touch me!

Nōlī timēre! │ Don’t be afraid!

Nōlīte spēluncās intrāre! │ Don’t go in the caves!

Nōlīte mē vexāre! │ Don’t annoy me!

Exercise: complete the Latin quotations with the appropriate present tense of velle, nōlle and mālle listed below.

1. I want that to be said │ id dīcī __________ (Plautus)
2. Do you want me to hug you, and you me? │ __________ ego tē ac tū mē amplectāre? (Plautus)
3. I don't wish her to have an excuse │ __________ illam habēre causam (Plautus)
4. I speak the truth, but in vain, for you do not want to believe │ Vēra dīcō, sed nēquīquam, quoniam nōn vīs __________. (Plautus)
5. But do you now prefer yourself to be single and a free man, or, as a married man … │ sed utrum nunc tū caelibem tē esse __________ līberum an marītum (Plautus)
6. For no one wishes laws to be upheld merely for their own sake │ Nēmō enim lēgēs lēgum causā salvās esse __________  (Cicero)
7. Now she is not willing, you too, powerless, must not want [ = be unwilling i.e. imperative]│ nunc iam illa __________: tū quoque, impotēns, __________ (Catullus)
8. If someone prefers medicine … │ Sī medicāmentum aliquis __________ … (Celsus)
9. Spectators, we wish you farewell and that you will grant us loud applause. │ Spectātōrēs, vōs valēre __________ et clārē adplaudere. (Plautus)
10. We are unwilling to depart │ Abīre __________ (Plautus)
11. We prefer to be feared rather than to be dear and to be loved │ Metuī quam cārī esse et dīligī __________. (Cicero)
12. If you (pl.) do not wish to fight, you can flee │ Sī pugnāre __________, licet fugere (Seneca)
13. Unless you (pl.) prefer perishing with Philip to conquering with the Romans │nisi perīre cum Philippō quam vincere cum Rōmānīs __________ (Livy)
14. Do not [talking to a group], in the name of the immortal gods, compel the allies … │ __________, per deōs immortālīs, cōgere sociōs (Cicero)
15. Hurray! Hurray! the Gods want me to be safe and preserved!│ Eugē, eugē, dī mē salvom et servātum __________. (Plautus)
16. They have no wish to feed a gluttonous man │ Alere __________ hominem edācem (Terence)
17. since the tribunes prefer a Roman citizen to be scourged with rods before their eyes than themselves be murdered in their beds by you │ quoniam tribūnī cīvem Rōmānum in cōnspectū suō virgīs caedī __________ quam ipsī in lectō suō ā vōbīs trucīdārī (Livy)

mālumus; mālunt; māvīs; māvult; māvultis; nōlī; nōlīte; nōlō; nōlumus; nōlunt; nōn vīs; nōn vult; nōn vultis; vīsne; volō; volumus; volunt; vult

____________________

1. id dīcī volō (Plautus)
2. Vīsne ego tē ac tū mē amplectāre? (Plautus)
3. nōlō illam habēre causam (Plautus)
4. Vēra dīcō, sed nēquīquam, quoniam nōn vīs crēdere. (Plautus)
5.  sed utrum nunc tū caelibem tē esse māvīs līberum an marītum (Plautus)
6. Nēmō enim lēgēs lēgum causā salvās esse vult (Cicero)
7. nunc iam illa nōn vult: tū quoque, impotēns, nōlī (Catullus)
8. Sī medicāmentum aliquis māvult  … (Celsus)
9. Spectātōrēs, vōs valēre volumus et clārē adplaudere. (Plautus)
10. Abīre nōlumus (Plautus)
11. Metuī quam cārī esse et dīligī mālumus. (Cicero)
12. Sī pugnāre nōn vultis, licet fugere (Seneca)
13. nisi perīre cum Philippō quam vincere cum Rōmānīs māvultis (Livy)
14. Nōlīte, per deōs immortālīs, cōgere sociōs (Cicero)
15. Eugē, eugē, dī mē salvom et servātum volunt. (Plautus)
16. Alere nōlunt hominem edācem (Terence)
17. quoniam tribūnī cīvem Rōmānum in cōnspectū suō virgīs caedī mālunt quam ipsī in lectō suō ā vōbīs trucīdārī (Livy) 

level 3: literature (David Amster); Cicero, Oratio Pro Archia Poeta, IV

Quod sī mihi ā vōbīs tribuī concēdīque sentiam, perficiam profectō ut, hunc A. (Aulum) Licinium nōn modo nōn sēgregandum—cum sit cīvis—ā numerō cīvium, vērum etiam, sī nōn esset, putētis ascīscendum fuisse.

Quod sī mihi ā vōbīs TRIbuī concēDĪque SENtiam, perFIciam proFECtō ut, hunc aulum liCInium nōn modo nōn sēgreGANdum—cum sit cīvis—ā NUmerō CĪvium, vērum Etiam, sī nōn esset, puTĒtis ascīsCENdum fuISse.

Cicero, Oratio Pro Archia Poeta, IV (please see note below)***

1. Read the Latin aloud 2-3 times, trying to understand as much as you can.

2. Then read my notes. 

3. Read the Latin a few more times, focusing on good pronunciation and reading fluently, without translating.

4. If 3 or more syllables, the stressed syllable is capitalized. 

Quod: which, with regard to which; acc sing neut (qui), refers to the request in the previous paragraph (please see my note at the end) 

sī: if 

SENtiam: I feel, sense; 1st p sing future (sentio) 

TRIbuī: (it) is granted, conceded, allowed; passive infinitive (tribuo) 

-que: and 

concēDĪ(-que): allowed, granted, conceded; passive infinitive (concedo) 

mihi: to me; dative 

ā: by + ablative 

vōbīs: by you; dative plural (vos) 

proFECtō: indeed, certainly

perFIciam: I will bring it about, accomplish, cause; 1st p sing future (perficio) 

ut: that; + subjunctive 

puTĒtis: you think, believe, judge; 2nd p plural future (puto) 

hunc: (that) this; acc sing masc, acc subject of infinitive in indirect statement (hic) 

A. = Aulum: Aulus; acc sing 

liCInium: Licinius; acc sing; Aulus Licinius Archias, the poet Cicero is defending 

nōn: not 

modo: only 

nōn: (should) not 

sēgreGANdum (esse): (should) be  removed, separated; acc sing masc GERUNDIVE, future passive participle = is (not) to be removed; esse is understood; this is the “passive periphrastic construction” (segrego)

ā: from; + ablative 

NUmerō: the number; abl sing masc (numerus) 

CĪvium: of the citizens; gen pl m/fem (civis) 

cum: since; + subjunctive 

sit: he is; 3rd p sing present subjunctive (sum) 

cīvis: a citizen; nom sing 

vērum: but, but truly; adverb 

Etiam: even 

sī: if 

nōn: not 

esset: he were (not); 3rd p sing imperfect SUBJUNCTIVE 

(puTĒtis): you would think (understood) after “perficiam ut” above

ascīsCENdum fuISse: (that he) should have been received,  admitted (as a citizen); acc sing masc gerundive + perfect infinitive = passive periphrastic = “was to be admitted”; acc + infinitive in indirect statement (ascisco) 

***Cicero is defending the citizenship of the Greek poet Archias (Aulus Licinius), accused of illegally enjoying the rights of a Roman citizen (for the past 27 years!!) 

Here’s the previous paragraph, which explains what Cicero is requesting: 

“I entreat you in this case to grant me this indulgence, suitable to this defendant, and as I trust not disagreeable to you,—the indulgence, namely, of allowing me, when speaking in defence of a most sublime poet and most learned man, before this concourse of highly-educated citizens, before this most polite and accomplished assembly, and before such a praetor as him who is presiding at this trial, to enlarge with a little more freedom than usual on the study of polite literature and refined arts, and, speaking in the character of such a man as that, who, owing to the tranquillity of his life and the studies to which he has devoted himself, has but little experience of the dangers of a court of justice, to employ a new and unusual style of oratory.”