Level 3; pronominal adjectives [5]; sōlus, -a, -um: alone, only

sōlus hic īnflexit sēnsūs (Virgil) │ this is the only man who swayed my feelings

Solī prō portīs stābant. │ They were standing alone before the gates.

Fēmina sōla hostibus resistēbat. │ The woman alone / Only the woman was resisting the enemy.

nōn istīus sōlīus hoc esse facinus, sed eōrum etiam quī adprobārint (Cicero) │ that this is not his crime only [ = the crime of only that man], but that of those who have approved of it

Exercise: Complete the Latin sentences with the appropriate form of sōlus:

[1] Rufus is alone. │ Rufus _____ est.

[2] Lesbia / only Lesbia is preparing dinner alone. │ Lesbia _____ cēnam parat.

[3] I love only you. You’re not a girl like the other girls!│ Tē _____ amō. Nōn es puella, ut ceterae puellae!

[4] I’m telling this only to you. │ Tibi _____ hoc dīcō.

[5] This wine is exported from only one town. │ Hoc vīnum ex ūnō oppidō _____ exportātur.

[6] He was wandering in lonely / uninhabited places. │ In locīs _____ errābat.

[7] However, he quotes a single line of Ennius alone │ _____ tamen Enniī versum ūnum pōnit ex librō (Gellius)

sōla; sōlam; sōlī; sōlīs; sōlīus; sōlō; sōlus

____________________

[1] Rufus sōlus est.

[2] Lesbia sōla cēnam parat.

[3] Tē sōlam amō.

[4] Tibi sōlī hoc dīcō.

[5] Hoc vīnum ex ūnō oppidō sōlō exportātur.

[6] In locīs sōlīs errābat.

[7] Sōlius tamen Enniī versum ūnum pōnit ex librō.

Level 3; pronominal adjectives [4]; [i] nūllus, -a, -um: no, not any, none, no one [ii] nōnnūllus, -a, -um: some, several, a few

 nūllus can be:

[1] an adjective: no, in the sense of “not any”

Nūlla victōria Rōmānīs grātior fuit │ No victory was more pleasing to the Romans.

Miser erat Lūcius; nam nūllī eum puerī, nūllae amāvērunt puellae. │ Lucas was miserable; for no boys loved him, and no girls did either.

Bellum nūllum gessit │ He waged no war = He did not wage any war

homō nūllīus colōris │ (Proverb) literally: a man of no colour i.e. neither fish nor fowl

[2] a pronoun: [i] no one; nobody [ii] none, not any, nothing

aut Caesar aut nūllus erō │ I shall either be a Caesar or a nobody

Ibi nūllus timet mortem / Sed prō Bacchō mittunt sortem │ Nobody fears death there / But they throw the dice in the name of Bacchus

Cicero usually emphasises the point by saying it three times; this time, however, it’s four …

ut nūllīus rēs tūta, nūllīus domus clausa, nūllīus vīta saepta, nūllīus pudīcitia mūnīta contrā tuam cupiditātem et audāciam posset esse (Cicero)│ so that no man's estate could be safe, no man's house closed; no man's life protected, no woman's chastity fortified, against your cupidity and audacity

It’s interesting to note that, in that tirade, he leaves the worst till last i.e. the offence against women

[3] an extension of nūllus is nōnnūllus, -a, -um, literally meaning not none i.e. some, several, a few; it can also be written as two separate words: nōn nūllus

Like nūllus, it can be used as an adjective or a pronoun.

nōn nūllum perīculum est (Plautus) │ there is some danger

nōnnūlla pars mīlitum domum discēdit (Caesar) │ some part i.e. some of the soldiers returned to their homes

nōnnūllae cohortēs in agmen Caesaris, … incīdunt (Caesar) │ several cohorts fell in with the main body of Caesar's army

Frūmentī cōpiam legiōnāriī nōnnūllam habēbant (Caesar) │ the legionaries had a tolerable supply [ = some] supply of corn

nōnnūllās (nāvēs) cum hominibus capiunt (Caesar) │ they took a few (ships) with the men (on board)

These two examples show nōnnūllus as a pronoun:

nōnnūllī suā voluntāte apud eum remānsērunt (Caesar) │ several voluntarily remained with him

Dīcuntur etiam ab nōnnūllīs sententiae (Caesar) │ Opinions were expressed by some

Quid dē nōnnūllōrum senātōrum impudentiā dīcam? │ What shall I say about the shamelessness of several senators?

Image #2: Latin has a specific word for nobody i.e. nēmō; it can be either masculine or feminine. However, the genitive and ablative of nēmō i.e. nēminis and nēmine were not used in Classical Latin, the genitive and ablative of nūllus used instead.

Exercise: Complete the Latin sentences with the appropriate form of nūllus:

[1] I’m a worthless fellow [ = I’m a nobody] │_____ sum (Plautus)

[2] She does not love anybody / she loves no one │ _____ amat.

[3] No sound passed his lips [ = no voice was heard from him] │ _____ vōx est ab eō audīta.

[4] We did not see any / we saw no ships in the harbour. │ _____ nāvēs in portū vīdimus.

[5] Cato did not say a word [ = made no word] │ Catō _____ verbum fēcit.

[6] The teacher does not give a reward to any bad boy. │ _____ malō puerō praemium dat magister.

[7] When Claudius and Aemilius were praetors, no thieves were condemned. │ Claudiō et aemiliō praetōribus, _____ latrōnēs damnātī sunt.

[8] I am not disturbed by any hope [ = I am disturbed by no hope], not by any fear [ = by no fear]; I am not disquieted by any rumours [= by no rumours] │ _____  spē,  _____  timōre sollicitor,  _____  rūmōribus inquiētor (Pliny)

[9] if I fear neither the violence of any one nor the influence of any one │ Sī _____ vim, _____ potentiam pertimuerō (Cicero)

nūlla; nūllā; nūllās; nūllī; nūllī; nūllīs; nūllīus; nūllīus; nūllō; nūllum; nūllum; nullus

____________________

[1] Nūllus sum (Plautus)

[2] Nūllum amat.

[3] Nūlla vōx est ab eō audīta.

[4] Nūllās nāvēs in portū vīdimus.

[5] Catō nūllum verbum fēcit.

[6] Nūllī malō puerō praemium dat magister.

[7] Claudiō et Aemiliō praetōribus, nūllī latrōnēs damnātī sunt.

[8] nūllā spē, nūllō timōre sollicitor, nūllīs rūmōribus inquiētor (Pliny)

[9] sī nūllīus vim, nūllīus potentiam pertimuerō (Cicero)

Level 3; pronominal adjectives [3]; ūllus, -a, -um: any

Sī ūllam nāvem cōnspiciēmus, ad portum currēmus. │ If we see any ship, we’ll run to the harbour.

Iamne lēgistī ūllōs librōs? │ Have you read any books yet?

Ubi cīvitās ūllōs virōs magnae sapientiae audiet? │ When will the state hear any men of great wisdom?

Ad terram tuam sine ūllīs amīcīs tum veniēmus. │  We shall then come to your land without any friends.

Exercise: Complete the Latin sentences and phrases with the appropriate form of ūllus:

[1] Nor did we bring any books with us from here to Gaul. │ neque _____ librōs nōbīscum hinc ex Galliā dētulimus

[2] If we saw any ship, we ran to the harbour. │ Sī _____ nāvem vīdimus ad portum cucurrimus.

[3] We shall climb the mountains by any means.│ _____ modīs montēs ascendēmus.

[4] the death of any citizen│ mors _____ cīvis

[5] without any doubt│ sine _____ dubitātiōne

[6] Is there any wagon in my field? │ Estne _____ carrus in agrō meō?

ūllā; ūllam; ūllīs; ūllīus; ūllōs; ūllus  

                  

____________________

[1] neque ūllōs librōs nōbīscum hinc ex Galliā dētulimus

[2] Sī ūllam nāvem vīdimus ad portum cucurrimus.

[3] Ūllīs modīs montēs ascendēmus.

[4] mors ūllīus cīvis

[5] sine ūllā dubitātiōne

[6] Estne ūllus carrus in agrō meō?

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [6]; Britannia pācāta [4]

Intereā Agricola quoque suōs in hunc modum ad proelium incitat. "Hic septimus est annus, mīlitēs, postquam Ordovicēs dēbellāvistis. Hodiē ā Calēdonibus victōriam reportāte. Hī sē in silvīs montibusque suīs adhūc occultāvērunt; hōs, hominēs ignāvōs, facile in fugam dabitis." Et signum pugnandī dedit.

Trēs legiōnēs Rōmānae et ūndecim mīlia auxiliōrum in campō lātō stābant: Calēdonēs in collibus suōs collocāverant. Prīmō Calēdonēs missilia Rōmānōrum vītābant. Et ipsī multa missilia in Rōmānōs iactābant. Sed tandem cohortēs illae Batāvōrum ad collēs appropinquāvērunt, et Calēdonēs ex locō prōpulsāvērunt. Nam hī iūstum proelium tolerāre nōn poterant. Intereā equitēs auxiliōrum eōs velut indāgine circumdedērunt. Decem mīlia trucīdāvērunt vel vulnerāvērunt. Nōnnūllī ex Calēdonibus uxōrēs līberōsque suōs ipsī mortī dedērunt. Nox fīnis fuit trucīdātiōnis. Postrīdiē atrōx spectāculum erat: corpora inhumāta, casae cremātae, silentium, sōlitūdō.

indāgō, indāginis [3/f]: refers to an encircling, enclosing of wild animals using nets

[1] Find the Latin

[i] this is (the seventh year)

[ii] in the following (this) way

[iii] You will easily put these (men) … to flight

[iv] These men have still hidden themselves in their mountains and forests.

[v] The Caledonians had placed their men

[2] Translate:

[i] corpora inhumāta, casae cremātae

[ii] Et ipsī multa missilia in Rōmānōs iactābant.

[iii] Nōnnūllī ex Calēdonibus uxōrēs līberōsque suōs ipsī mortī dedērunt.

[iv] Intereā Agricola quoque suōs … ad proelium incitat.

[v] signum pugnandī dedit

Note:

Sed tandem [1] cohortēs illae Batāvōrum ad collēs appropinquāvērunt, et [2] Calēdonēs ex locō prōpulsāvērunt. Nam hī iūstum proelium tolerāre nōn poterant.

But Finally, those Dutch cohorts approached the hills, and drove the Caledonians away from the position, fot the latter could not sustain a pitched battle.

Where two people or groups of people are referred to, the demonstrative hic will convey the latter i.e. the second reference.

Grammar Review: hic, haec, hoc

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/04.html

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [6]; Britannia pācāta [3]

"Haec pugna, ut spērō, causa lībertātis perpetuae tōtae Britanniae erit. Nōbīs Calēdonibus servitūs adhūc ignōta est. Hī montēs, hae silvae, haec maria nōbīs lībertātem dedērunt. Sed nunc in hunc angulum remōtum Britanniae Rōmānī penetrāvērunt. Adsunt, velut lupī saevī; nec Oriēns nec Occidēns eōs satiāvit. Nē mare quidem nostrum ā perīculō classis Rōmānae tūtum est. Terrā marīque hanc īnsulam oppugnant. Itaque nūllam veniam exspectāte, sī illī in hōc proeliō victōriam reportāverint. Vōs ipsōs et uxōrēs līberōsque vestrōs trucīdābunt vel in servitūtem dēportābunt; et cum tōtam terram vastāverint, sōlitūdinem pācem vocābunt. Sed nōndum 'pācāta' est haec Calēdonia. Icēnī et Trinobantēs Colōniam Rōmānam expugnāvērunt et cremāvērunt. Fēmina facinoris illīus praeclārī dux erat. Num vōs, virī Calēdoniī, minus fortēs eritis? Hodiē pācem illam Rōmānam ā vōbīs ipsīs et uxōribus līberīsque vestrīs prōpulsāte. Patria ipsa vōs ad pugnam et victōriam vocat!"

[1] Find the Latin:

[i] in this battle

[ii] into this remote corner

[iii] these forests

[iv] these mountains

[v] these seas

[vi] they attack this island

[vii] this battle

[viii] this Caledonia

[2] What is the tense of the two verbs in bold? Translate both extracts

sī illī … victōriam reportāverint

cum tōtam terram vastāverint, sōlitūdinem pācem vocābunt

[3] Translate:

[i] Fēmina facinoris illīus praeclārī dux erat.

[ii] Nē mare quidem nostrum

[iii] Nōbīs Calēdonibus servitūs adhūc ignōta est.

[iv] nūllam veniam exspectāte

[v] pācem illam Rōmānam ā vōbīs ipsīs et uxōribus līberīsque vestrīs prōpulsāte

[vi] Patria ipsa vōs ad pugnam et victōriam vocat!

[vii] Vōs ipsōs et uxōrēs līberōsque vestrōs trucīdābunt

[ix] terrā marīque

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [6]; Britannia pācāta [2]

Prīmō annō imperiī suī Agricola in Cambriā bellāvit, ubi magnam victōriam ab Ordovicibus reportāvit. Hanc gentem ferē tōtam trucīdāvit, sī Tacitus vēra affirmat. Tum īnsulam Monam occupāvit. Nāvēs eī dēerant; sed sub signīs Rōmānīs nōnnūllae cohortēs Batāvōrum mīlitābant. Hī perītī erant natandī, et trāns fretum natāvērunt. Tertiō annō Agricola contrā Brigantēs aliāsque gentēs septentriōnālēs Britanniae bellāvit. Sextō annō classem comparāvit. Dum haec ōram maritimam Calēdoniae explōrat, ipse cum cōpiīs pedestribus et equestribus per Devam et Luguvallium in Calēdoniam usque ad Clōtam et Bodotriam penetrat. Tōtam regiōnem castellīs firmat. Sed Caledoniī trāns Clōtam et Bodotriam, velut in alteram īnsulam, sē congregant. Proximō annō Rōmānī in partēs interiōrēs Calēdoniae penetrant. Ibi, prope Montem Graupium, dux Calēdonius, Galgacus vel Calgacus nōmine, suōs ad proelium hīs verbīs incitat.

Bodotria, -ae [1/f]: Firth of Forth (estuary in Scotland)

Clōta, -ae [1/f]: Clyde (river in Scotland); Firth of Clyde

[1] Find the Latin:

[ii] He slaughtered almost the whole of this tribe

[iii] These (men) were skilled in swimming

[iv] While it is exploring the coast of Caledonia

[v] In the first year of his command

[vi] He lacked ships [literally: Ships were lacking to him]

[vii] He himself together with infantry

[viii] The Caledonians gather themselves together

[ix] He encourages his (men) to battle with these words

[2] Hī perītī erant natandī: the word in bold is an example of [a] a participle [b] a gerund [c] a verb

[3] Translate the following:

[i] contrā Brigantēs aliāsque gentēs … bellāvit

[ii] Galgacus vel Calgacus nōmine

[iii] nōnnūllae cohortēs

[iv] proximō annō

[v] sī Tacitus vēra affirmat

[vi] sub signīs Rōmānīs

[vii] usque ad Clōtam et Bodotriam penetrat

[viii] velut in alteram īnsulam

The Battle of Mons Graupius

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius

https://penelope.uchicago.edu/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/monsgraupius/monsgraupius.html

Northern British Campaigns of Agricola, 80 – 84

By myself - Primarily Frere's Britannia (cited in the image title), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8494954

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgacus

https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/readings/agricola.html

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [6]; Britannia pācāta [1]

Hic fuit fīnis rebelliōnis Boadicēae. Sed Rōmānī nōndum tōtam īnsulam parāverant. Nam Britannia prōvincia turbulenta erat, ut Tacitus affirmat; et Britannī occidentālēs et septentriōnālēs victōriam Rōmānōrum adhūc retardant. Tōtam īnsulam pācāre cōnsilium erat Vespasiānī, nōnī prīncipis Rōmānōrum. Itaque annō duodeoctōgēsimō post Chrīstum nātum Iūliō Agricolae summum imperium legiōnum Britannicārum mandāvit. Huius virī clārī vītam Tacitus narrāvit. Uxor Tacitī fīlia Agricolae erat. Hunc virum Tacitus magnopere amābat, et memoriam eius monumentō pulchrō cōnsecrāvit: monumentum est liber ille dē vītā eius. Vir iūstus, hūmānus, clēmēns erat, sī testimōnium Tacitī vērum est.

[1] Find the Latin:

[i] Tacitus greatly loved this man

[ii] Tacitus recounted the life of this … man

[iii] this was the end

[iv] a book about his life

[2] Tōtam īnsulam pācāre cōnsilium erat Vespasiānī, nōnī prīncipis Rōmānōrum: the phrase in bold is in apposition. What does that mean?

[3] Find an example from the text of:

[i] a conditional clause

[ii] a verb in the pluperfect tense

[iii] the ablative of time when

[4] Translate: Iūliō Agricolae summum imperium legiōnum Britannicārum mandāvit. In what case is Iuliō Agricolae, and why is that case used?

Level 3: pronominal adjectives [2]; ūnus, -a, -um: one

Propter ūnīus hominis īnsidiās cīvitās in perīculō est posita. │ On account of the plot of one man, the state has been placed in danger.

Tibi ūnī hoc dīcō. │ I say this to you alone.

Exercise: Complete the Latin sentences and phrases with the appropriate form of ūnus:

[1] I have one brother. │ Est mihi _____ frater.

[2] Within one year the Romans had endured three very great defeats. │_____ annō Rōmānī trēs maximās clādēs accēpērunt.

[3] The courage of one man saved the camp. │_____ virī virtūs castra servāvit.

[4] Within one night the ships had been repaired. │_____ nocte nāvēs reparātae erant.

[5] They placed one camp (careful: castra is neuter plural) on the bank of the river. │_____ castra in rīpā flūminis posuērunt.

[6] We are of one mind. │ Sumus _____ mentis.

[7] They assembled in one place ( = into one place i.e. accusative) │ In _____ locum convēnērunt.

ūna; ūnā; ūnīus; ūnīus; ūnō; ūnum; ūnus

____________________

[1] Est mihi ūnus frater.

[2] Ūnō annō Rōmānī trēs maximās clādēs accēpērunt.

[3] Ūnīus virī virtūs castra servāvit.

[4] Ūnā nocte nāvēs reparātae erant.

[5] Ūna castra in rīpā flūminis posuērunt. Note: although ūnus would normally refer to a singular noun, it does have plural forms; castra is neuter plural even though we translate it as camp (singular); therefore, the neuter plural of ūnus is used i.e. ūna

[6] Sumus ūnīus mentis.

[7] In ūnum locum convēnērunt.

Level 3; pronominal adjectives [1]; tōtus, -a, um: all; whole; entire

Hōs tōta armenta sequuntur ā tergō (Virgil) │The whole herd [ = all the animals used for pulling ploughs, heavy carts etc.] follows them from the rear.

Haec eadem ratiō est in summā tōtīus Galliae: namque omnēs cīvitātēs in partēs dīvīsae sunt duās (Caesar) │ This same principle, in general, exists in the whole of Gaul: for all the states are divided into two parts.

Caesarī imperium tōtīus prōvinciae datur. │ Caesar is given command of the whole province.

Tōtum exercitum mēcum iussū cōnsulis dūcam. │ I shall lead the entire army with me on the consul’s order

Rēgīnae et tōtī populō igitur grātias aget. │ He will, therefore, thank the queen and the whole people.

Nam hōc tōtō proeliō … āversum hostem vidēre nēmō potuit (Caesar) │ For during the whole of this battle…no one could see an enemy with his back turned.

Ubi in forō dīcēbam, tōtā mente invidiam populī timēbam. │ When I was speaking in the forum, I was afraid of the envy of the people in my entire mind.

Exercise: complete the Latin sentences and phrases with the appropriate form of tōtus:

[1] in the whole world / in all the world │  in _____ orbe terrārum

[2] They travelled continually throughout the whole night  │ _____ nocte* continenter iērunt (Caesar)

* note that, while duration of time is usually expressed by the accusative, there are some examples, including this one from Caesar, where the ablative is used

[3] The commander of the whole of Spain │ Imperātor _____ Hispāniae

[4] The whole city has been destroyed and is burning │ _____ urbs dēlēta est et ārdet.

[5] We told the citizens / the entire state (i.e. the “citizenship” all members of the city / state) that Lucius was a good man. │ _____ cīvitātī dīximus Lūcium virum bonum esse.

[6] The cries of the Romans were heard through the whole city. │ Clāmōrēs Rōmānōrum per _____ urbem audiēbantur.

tōta; tōtā; tōtam; tōtī; tōtīus; tōtō

____________________

[1] in tōtō orbe terrārum

[2] tōtā nocte continenter iērunt (Caesar)

[3] Imperātor tōtīus Hispāniae

[4] tōta urbs dēlēta est et ārdet.

[5] tōtī cīvitātī dīximus Lūcium virum bonum esse.

[6] Clāmōrēs Rōmānōrum per tōtam urbem audiēbantur.

Level 3; pronominal adjectives; introduction; the naughty nine …

From previous posts: Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [4]; Caractacus [1] and [2]

https://adckl2.blogspot.com/2025/04/level-3-sonnenschein-pro-patria-4.html

https://adckl2.blogspot.com/2025/04/level-3-sonnenschein-pro-patria-4_22.html

ūnī [dative] ex ducibus suīs … magnum numerum cōpiārum … mandāvit │ he entrusted a large number of troops to one of his commanders

Vōs tōtī [dative] orbī terrārum imperitandī cupidī estis │ You are eager to command the whole world 

Images #1 and #2: There are nine adjectives which belong to the 1^st / 2^nd declension but do not follow the exact same pattern; these can be remembered by using the mnemonic U-N-U-S  N-A-U-T-A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMFcKMmSM7E

ūnus, -a, -um: one

nūllus, -a, -um: none

ūllus, -a, -um: any (one)

sōlus, -a, -um: alone

neuter, -ra, -rum: neither

alter, -a, -um: another (of two)

ūter, -a, -um:  either

tōtus, -a, -um: whole; all

alius, -a, -ud:  another (of 3 or more)

In grammar they are sometimes known as pronominal adjectives; all that means is that they can function as either [i] adjectives e.g. English: Do you have any money? or [ii] pronouns: Sorry, I don’t have any.

[i] One soldier held the prisoner, while [ii] the other put him chains.

Image #3: the differences between these nine adjectives and other 1^st/2^nd declension adjectives are in:

[i] the genitive singular: -īus (with long /ī/: -īus, but can be shortened in verse: -ĭus)

[ii] the dative singular: -ī

Neither of these endings agree with the noun in gender – only in case.

In all other respects they are the same as any other 1^st/2^nd declension adjective:

[iii] the genitive of alius i.e. alīus is often replaced with alterīus

Image #3 shows tōtus, -a, -um (all; the whole) in all forms singular and plural to show that the only changes are in the singular of the genitive and dative cases. Other images in later posts on this topic will only focus on the singular.

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [5]; Boadicēa [3]; review: ille, illa, illud

Britannī ad arma volant. Colōniam Camulodūnum expugnant; templum illud Claudiī, ubi veterānī sē occultāverant, cremant. Intereā Suētōnius ex īnsulā Monā cum decem mīlibus virōrum ad Tamesam properāvit. Nam Londīnium, quamquam nōndum colōnia Rōmāna erat, tamen iam tum cōpiā mercātōrum et nāvigiōrum celebre erat. Sīc Tacitus in capite tertiō et trīcēsimō librī quārtī decimī Annālium affirmat. Sed urbem ex clāde servāre nōn poterat. Britannī Londīnium et Verulamium oppugnant, septuāgintā mīlia Rōmānōrum trucīdant, ingentem praedam captant. Suētōnius suōs prope silvam collocāverat, et sē ad proelium parābat. Britannī Rōmānōs numerō virōrum multum superābant, et exspectātiōne victōriae triumphārunt. Sed paucī illī Rōmānī magnam victōriam reportāvērunt; Britannī contrā legiōnēs Rōmānās stāre nōn poterant, quia Rōmānī eōs pondere armōrum et scientiā bellī multum superābant. In illō proeliō Rōmānī octōgintā mīlia virōrum et fēminārum trucīdāvērunt; nam Britannī fēminās suās in vehiculīs apportāvērunt, proeliī spectandī causā. Boadicēa ipsa sē mortī dedit.

[i] Give the nominative singular of:

1. virōrum
2. capite
3. urbem
4. clāde
5. exspectātiōne
6. pondere
7. mortī

[ii] Give the nominative masculine singular of:

1. celebre
2. ingentem

[iii] Translate the following excerpts, paying particular attention to the words in bold:

1. templum illud Claudiī
2. paucī illī Rōmānī magnam victōriam reportāvērunt
3. In illō proeliō
4. Nam Londīnium, quamquam nōndum colōnia Rōmāna erat, tamen iam tum cōpiā mercātōrum et nāvigiōrum celebre erat.
5. Britannī fēminās suās in vehiculīs apportāvērunt, proeliī spectandī causā.
6. Boadicēa ipsa sē mortī dedit.

[iv] Grammar review: ille, illa, illud

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/270324-ille-illa-illud.html

ille, illa, illud can be either [i] an adjective (that / pl. those) or [ii] a pronoun (that one; he, she it, they etc.)

[i] as an adjective, specifically a demonstrative adjective

rēgīna illa audāx │that bold queen

Vōs colōniam illam crūdēlem expugnāte! │ You take that cruel colony by assault!

Britannī colōniam illam Camulodūnum … nōn amābant. │ The Britons … did not like that colony (of) Camulodunum

templum illud Claudiī │ that temple of Claudius

simulācrum illud Victōriae │that statue to Victory

in illō proeliō │in that battle

paucī illī Rōmānī │ those few Romans

veterānī illī Rōmānī │ those Roman veterans (veteran / old soldiers)

inter illa aedificia │ among those buildings

Note: ille etc. usually comes before the noun:

inter illa aedificia │ among those buildings

in illō proeliō │in that battle

However, when an adjective or another noun is added to the phrase, it comes between the noun and the other word:

rēgīna ¦ illa ¦ audāx │that bold queen

paucī ¦ illī ¦ Rōmānī │ those few Romans

Britannī colōniam ¦ illam ¦ Camulodūnum … nōn amābant. │ The Britons … did not like that colony (of) Camulodunum

[ii] as a pronoun

Ille in Monam īnsulam penetrāvit │ he entered the island of Anglesey

dum ille in Cambriā abest │ while he is away in Wales

Illud est cōnsilium fēminae. │ That is the lady’s plan.

Illōs nūlla patria ad virtūtem incitat │ no country inspires them / those men to virtue

illīs clādem mortemque parant  │ they prepare destruction and death for them / for those men

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verulamium

the Roman theatre of Verulamium

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [5]; Boadicēa [2]

Itaque Boadicēa, rēgīna illa audāx Icēnōrum, inter ōrdinēs Britannicōs in essedō suō equitāns, Britannōs suōs ad rebelliōnem incitāvit. "Auscultāte" inquit "Icēnī et Cassī; auscultāte Corītānī, Trinobantēs! Dī nostrī nōbīs victōriam, illīs clādem mortemque parant! Ecce, colōnia Camulodūnum dēfēnsōribus nūdāta est! Cōpiae Rōmānae in fīnibus Ordovicum longē absunt, ubi fāna Druidārum vastant. Colōniam illam, ubi paucī tantum veterānī cum uxōribus līberīsque suīs habitant, facile erit expugnāre. Illōs nūlla patria ad virtūtem incitat; nōs patria et penātēs, nōs lībertās ad arma vocat. Atque dī ipsī nōbīs ōmen victōriae et imperiī dedērunt. Nam simulācrum illud Victōriae praecipitāvērunt. Et Druidae alia portenta nūntiant. Terrae adhūc ignōtae Britannīs aliquandō subiectae erunt. Ubi Caesarēs numquam stetērunt, ibi fīliī nostrī vel fīliī fīliōrum imperitābunt. Vōs colōniam illam crūdēlem expugnāte! Templum deī illīus falsī cremāte! Virōs, fēminās, līberōs trucīdāte! Illud est cōnsilium fēminae. Num vōs virī minus fortēs eritis?"

praecipito, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: knock down

Translate the following excerpts, paying particular attention to the words in bold:

1. rēgīna illa audāx
2. illīs clādem mortemque parant
3. Illōs nūlla patria ad virtūtem incitat
4. simulācrum illud Victōriae praecipitāvērunt
5. Templum deī illīus falsī cremāte!
6. Illud est cōnsilium fēminae.
7. Colōniam illam … facile erit expugnāre.
8. Vōs colōniam illam crūdēlem expugnāte!
9. in essedō suō equitāns
10. "Auscultāte" inquit
11. colōnia Camulodūnum dēfēnsōribus nūdāta est!
12. Terrae adhūc ignōtae Britannīs aliquandō subiectae erunt.
13. Num vōs virī minus fortēs eritis?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica

The statue Boadicea and Her Daughters by Thomas Thornycroft, near Westminster Pier, London

By Paul Walter - Boudica statue, Westminster, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54793030

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [5]; Boadicēa [1]

Annō post Chrīstum nātum prīmō et sexāgēsimō Britannī rebellāvērunt. Suētōnius Paulīnus, ūnus ex ducibus Nerōnis, quīntī prīncipis Rōmānōrum, Britanniae tum praeerat. Ille in Monam īnsulam penetrāvit, ubi magnum numerum Druidārum trucīdāvit, et fāna eōrum vastāvit. Sed dum ille in Cambriā abest, Icēnī cum Cassīs et Trinobantibus aliīsque gentibus Britannicīs sē contrā Rōmānōs cōnsociant. Nōn mīrum est sī Britannī colōniam illam Camulodūnum, ubi veterānī illī Rōmānī collocātī erant, nōn amābant. Nam veterānī eōs omnibus iniūriīs vexābant. Uxōrēs līberōsque eōrum in servitūtem dēportābant. Virōs ipsōs ignāvōs et servōs vocābant. Oppidum iam viīs et aedificiīs Rōmānīs ōrnāvērunt, sed mūrīs nōn firmāverant. Inter illa aedificia templum "Dīvī Claudiī" erat; nam prīncipem mortuum Rōmānī prō deō adōrābant. Et in illō templō simulācrum Victōriae collocātum erat.

Mona, -ae [1/f]: Anglesey (island)

[i] Identify the case in bold and explain why it is being used:

1. Annō post Chrīstum nātum prīmō et sexāgēsimō
2. ūnus ex ducibus Nerōnis
3. ūnus ex ducibus Nerōnis, quīntī prīncipis Rōmānōrum
4. Britanniae tum praeerat
5. magnum numerum Druidārum
6. eōs omnibus iniūriīs vexābant
7. Uxōrēs līberōsque eōrum in servitūtem dēportābant
8. prīncipem mortuum Rōmānī prō deō adōrābant

[ii] Translate the following excerpts, paying particular attention to the words in bold:

1. Ille in Monam īnsulam penetrāvit
2. Inter illa aedificia
3. Sed dum ille in Cambriā abest
4. Nōn mīrum est sī Britannī colōniam illam Camulodūnum, ubi veterānī illī Rōmānī collocātī erant, nōn amābant.
5. Et in illō templō simulācrum Victōriae collocātum erat.

Mona īnsula

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceni

A map of Iceni lands in Norfolk

By Amitchell125 - Own work based on File:Williamson p16 3.svg and File:Map of the Territory of the Iceni.svg, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=124107187

 

A map of the Boudican Revolt

By Amitchell125 - Own work, based on https://archive.org/details/newstudentsatlas00reicuoft/page/n17/mode/2up?view=theater and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Blank_topographic_map_of_the_British_Isles.svg, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=124007071

Level 3; review: the reflexive pronoun sē

[i] The third person reflexive pronoun i.e. the equivalent of ‘himself, herself, itself, and themselves’ is given below; note [i] the 3^rd person reflexive pronoun distinguishes neither gender nor number, and [ii] there is no nominative since the reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the sentence.

Nominative: -

Genitive: suī

Dative: sibi

Accusative: sē; sēsē

Ablative: sē; sēsē

[ii] Examples:

Sē ex nāvī prōiēcit. (Caesar) │ He threw himself from the ship.

Dumnorīgem ad sē vocat. (Caesar) │ He calls Dumnorix to him (i.e. to himself).

Sēsē castrīs tenēbant. (Caesar) │ They kept themselves in the camp.

Cōpiam frūctuum sibi cōnficiunt. │ They collect a supply of fruit for themselves.

Per sē labor perfecit. │ He completed the task by his own effort (i.e. by means of himself).

Puer in flūmine sē lavat. │ The boy is washing (himself) in the river.

[iii] As with other pronouns, when cum is used with the ablative reflexive pronoun sē, it is attached to the end of the pronoun:

Sēcum: with himself / herself / itself / themselves

Dūxit sēcum virginem. │ He took the young woman with him (i.e. with himself).

Exercise

Give an appropriate translation of the reflexive pronoun.

[1] Dea in lacū sē spectat. │ She gazes ____ ____ in the lake.

[2] Dīves sibi pecūniam dedit. │ The wealthy man gave ____ the money.

[3] Nauta in mare sē praecipitāvit. │ The sailor threw ____ into the sea.

[4] Vōcālis syllabam per sē facere potest. │ A vowel can make a syllable ____ ____.

[5] Dominus servum ad sē vocāvit. │ The master called the slave ____ ____.

[6] Obsidēs in carcere sēsē necāvērunt. │ The hostages killed ____ in the prison.

[7] Pater fīlium sēcum dūxit. │ The father took his son ____ ____.

[8] Rēx magnās dīvitiās sibi obtinuit. │ The king acquired great riches ____ ____.

[iv] Latin has no separate 1^st and 2^nd person reflexive pronouns; the personal pronouns are used. Again, note in the examples where English does not always express the reflexive pronoun if the context is clear.

Mortī mē obtulī. │ I have exposed myself to death.

Dōnum mihi tenēbō. │ I shall keep the gift for myself.

Mihi numquam ignōscam. [ignōscō,-ere (3) + Dative] │ I shall never forgive myself.

Quōmodo tē habēs hodiē? │ How are you (i.e. how are you holding yourself) today?

Cūr tē in spēluncā cēlāvistī? │ Why did you hide (yourself) in a cave?

Cūr tibi persuādēre nōn potes? [persuādeō, -ere (2) + Dative] │ Why can’t you convince yourself?

Nōs numquam culpābimus. │ We shall never blame ourselves.

Nōs ad septentriōnēs vertimus. │ We turned (ourselves) to the north.

Nōbīs numquam ignōscēmus. [ignōscō,-ere (3) + Dative] │ We shall never forgive ourselves.

Vōs fraudāvistis. │ You’ve cheated yourselves.

Date vōbīs virōs sapientēs et gnārōs. │ Give yourselves wise and experienced men.

Exercise

Complete the Latin sentences with the appropriate reflexive pronoun.

[1] ____ rogāvī iterum iterumque. │ I asked myself again and again.

[2] ____ domum aedificāvī. │ I’ve built a house for myself.

[3] Pōtēsne ____ in speculō vidēre? │ Can you see yourself in the mirror?

[4] Cūr ____ nōn ignōscētis? [What case is used with ignōscō, -ere?]│ Why will you not forgive yourselves?

[5] Vertite ____ ad mē. │ Turn (yourselves) to me.

[6] ____ in plūribus fallimus. │ We are wrong (i.e. deceive ourselves) in many things.

[7] Parce ____. [parcō, -ere [3] + Dative] │ Forgive yourself [ = be lenient to yourself].

[8] ____ persuādēre nōn possumus. [What case is used with persuādeō, -ēre?]│ We can’t convince ourselves.

nōs; nōbīs; mihi; mē; vōs; vōbīs; tē; tibi

____________________

[1] Mē rogāvī iterum iterumque. │ I asked myself again and again.

[2] Mihi domum aedificāvī. │ I’ve built a house for myself.

[3] Pōtēsne tē  in speculō vidēre? │ Can you see yourself in the mirror?

[4] Cūr vōbīs nōn ignōscētis?│ Why will you not forgive yourselves?

[5] Vertite vōs ad mē. │ Turn (yourselves) to me.

[6] Nōs in plūribus fallimus. │ We are wrong (i.e. deceive ourselves) in many things.

[7] Parce tibi. │ Forgive youself.

[8] Nōbīs persuādēre nōn possumus. │ We can’t convince ourselves.

Level 3; review: ipse, ipsa, ipsum

[i] ipse is a demonstrative, also known as an intensive pronoun; note in the declension: genitive singular -īus and dative singular -ī

[ii] It has an emphatic use conveying the same idea as English ‘myself’, ‘yourself’, ‘himself’ etc. in combination with a noun or personal pronoun;  when used with a noun, the translation may be ‘the very’:

Agricola ipse frūctum numquam adspiciet. │The farmer himself will never see the fruit.

From the Caractacus texts:

Et omnēs hominēs cupidī erant rēgem Britannōrum ipsum spectandī.  │ All the people were eager to look at the king of the Britons himself.

Magna multitūdō captīvōrum Britannicōrum ūnā cum Caractacō ipsō et uxōre frātribusque eius in catēnīs aderant. │ A great number of British prisoners together with Caractacus himself and his wife and brothers were present in chains.

Sed Caractacus ipse animum audācem … praestitit │ But Caractacus himself displayed a bold spirit.

Ante oculōs prīncipis ipsīus collocātus "Rēx sum" inquit … │ Placed before the eyes of the Emperor himself he said “I am a king”

Tum prīnceps … veniam lībertātemque Caractacō ipsī … dedit. │ The Emperor then gave mercy and freedom to Caractacus himself.

Further examples:

Tandem sōlum tribūs brevissimīs hōrīs, Caesar ipse ad castra cum illīs tribūnīs perveniet. │ Finally, in only three very short hours, Caesar himself will reach the camp with those tribunes.

Caesarem ipsum servāvimus. │ We saved Caesar himself.

Cicerō mē ipsum laudāvit. │ Cicero praised me myself.

Ancilla ipsa amphoram portāvit. │ The maid herself carried the jar.

Amīcum rēgis ipsīus servāvērunt. │ They saved the friend of the king himself.

Fidēlissimī servī senem ad templum ipsum portāvērunt. │ The most faithful servants carried the old man to the temple itself /  the very temple.

Lēgātōs cīvium Rōmānōrum ipsōrum servāvistis. │ You have saved the ambassadors of the Roman citizens themselves.

Vōs ipsī iūdicāte: decet mulierem nōn vēlātam ōrāre Deum? (Vulgate) │ You yourselves judge: is it proper for a woman without a veil to pray to God?

[iii] Note: in English, -self and -selves, apart from having the same emphatic function as Latin ipse e.g. I myself will do it, also is used to express reflexive actions e.g. She hurt herself, he looked at himself in the mirror; Latin does not use ipse to convey this, but the reflexive pronoun sē which we will review in the next post.

Complete the sentences by choosing the correct form of ipse:

[1] The man himself sees the danger. │ Homō ____ perīculum videt.

[2] The man sees the danger itself. │ Homō ____ perīculum videt.

[3] In the city of Alexandria itself Caesar waged war with the inhabitants. │ Caesar ____ in urbe Alexandrīa bellum cum incolīs gessit.

[4] I didn’t want to hurt the girl herself. │ Puellam ____ laedere nōlēbam.

[5] The king bestowed honours on [= gave honours to] the citizens themselves. │ Rēx honōrēs cīvibus ____ dedit.

[6] How do the Roman women themselves feel about the powers of their husbands? │ Quōmodo fēminae ____ Rōmānae dē potentiīs marītōrum sentiunt?

[7] Many of the enemy themselves thanked him. │ Hostium ____ multī eī grātiās ēgerunt.

[8] Thieves stole the gold of the king himself. │ Fūrēs aurum rēgis ____ abstulērunt.

[9] We ourselves heard the senator’s speech. │ Nōs ____ ōrātiōnem senātōris audīvimus.

[10] On that very day he cleaned the stable. │ Illō ____ diē stabulum pūrgāvit.

[11] This was the very cause of that war. │ Haec erat ____ causa illīus bellī.

ipsa; ipsā; ipsae; ipsam; ipse; ipsī; ipsīs; ipsīus; ipsō; ipsōrum; ipsum

____________________

[1] Homō ipse perīculum videt.

[2] Homō ipsum perīculum videt.

[3] Caesar ipsā in urbe Alexandrīa bellum cum incolīs gessit.

[4] Puellam ipsam laedere nōlēbam.

[5] Rēx honōrēs cīvibus ipsīs dedit.

[6] Quōmodo fēminae ipsae Rōmānae dē potentiīs marītōrum sentiunt?

[7] Hostium ipsōrum multī eī grātiās ēgerunt.

[8] Fūrēs aurum rēgis ipsīus abstulērunt.

[9] Nōs ipsī ōrātiōnem senātōris audīvimus.

[10] Illō ipsō diē stabulum pūrgāvit.

[11] Haec erat ipsa causa illīus bellī.